Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40604856›Full record

SynthesisBMC oral health2025

A systematic review of biomechanics of clear aligners by finite element analysis.

Huan Cao, Xin Hua, Linjing Yang, Kazuhiro Aoki, Shu Shang, Dan Lin

Abstract readSystematic Review
In one paragraph

Synthesis in BMC oral health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
13citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

13 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Huan CaoShanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, PR China.
Xin HuaShanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, PR China.
Linjing YangShanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, PR China.
Kazuhiro AokiBasic Oral Health Engineering, Institute of Science Tokyo (formerly Tokyo Medical and Dental University), Tokyo, Japan. kazuhiro_aoki.bhoe@tmd.ac.jp.
Shu ShangShanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, PR China. shangs@sumhs.edu.cn.
Dan LinShanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, PR China. lind@sumhs.edu.cn.

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China 32201104Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality 22010502600
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeThis review systematically collects the investigations on clear aligners (CA) by finite element analysis (FEA), and summarizes the biomechanical mechanism of CA including typical side effects and reformative designs of CA and auxiliary.

methodsLiteratures on FEA biomechanical analysis of CA are searched on Web of Science and PubMed. The information of FEA methods and results, FEA-simulated orthodontic clinical scenarios are collected and discussed in categories.

resultsTwenty-nine literatures are included. FEA are conducted with ABAQUS (13/29) or Ansys (13/29), while the data presentation forms are various without clear consensus. FEA-simulated orthodontic clinical scenarios are discussed by main targeted orthodontic directions.

conclusionsSide effects of CA treatment are essentially caused by uneven stress distribution. Auxiliaries (including attachments, power ridges, intermaxillary elastics, divots etc.) are designed to adjust orthodontic biomechanics and stress distribution to improve therapeutic efficiency. Limitations of current researches include lack of unified standard for FEA protocols and data presentation forms, and lack of long-term biomechanical analysis of CA other than its initial instantaneous effects. FEA, as an efficient way of analyzing biomechanics of CA, deserves more standardized, extensive and in-depth study. This review might provide theoretical basis and reference for optimization of future orthodontic designs.

Indexed as

Finite Element AnalysisOrthodontic Appliance DesignOrthodontic Appliances, RemovableTooth Movement TechniquesBiomechanical PhenomenaDental Stress AnalysisHumansBiomechanicsClear alignersFinite elementOrthodonticsSystematic review

Identifiers

PMID40604856
PMCPMC12224713

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.