ArticleBMC psychiatry2025
Associations of non-suicidal self-injury with childhood maltreatment and inflammatory cytokines in adolescents with major depressive disorder.
Article in BMC psychiatry, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of non-suicidal self-injury: a meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Psychosocial predictors of persistent non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents with major depressive disorder: a longitudinal study.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Psychosocial and Biological Factors Associated with Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Chinese Child and Adolescent Inpatients with Major Depressive Disorder.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2026Article
- Neurobiological Correlates of Coping Strategies in PTSD: The Role of IGF-1, CASP-9, nNOS, and IL-10 Based on Brief-COPE Assessment.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent mental health problem among adolescents, with non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behaviors representing a prominent symptomatic manifestation. There is growing evidence that NSSI is associated with childhood maltreatment (CM) and inflammatory cytokines. However, these associations have not been sufficiently researched in adolescents with MDD. This study aimed to investigate such associations in depressed adolescents.
methodsThe Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) were used to assess depressive symptoms and CM, respectively. Additionally, plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17 A, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured.
resultsThe detection rate of NSSI in adolescents with MDD was 63.8%. Patients with NSSI had higher scores of CES-D and CTQ as well as inflammatory cytokines levels (especially IL-1β) than non-NSSI patients (all p < 0.05). Further analysis demonstrated that lower age (OR = 0.724, 95% CI = 0.55 ∼ 0.952), elevated IL-1β levels (OR = 6.256, 95% CI = 1.861 ∼ 21.032), higher total CES-D score (OR = 1.033, 95% CI = 0.999 ∼ 1.068), and a higher emotional abuse score (OR = 1.117, 95% CI = 1.021 ∼ 1.222) were independent risk factors for NSSI. Finally, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis indicated that the combination of IL-1β, emotional abuse, age, and total CES-D score was a good predictor of NSSI, with an AUC value of 0.780.
conclusionNSSI was common in depressed adolescents and linked to CM and high levels of IL-1β. These results indicated that CM and inflammatory cytokines play an important role in the development of NSSI. In the future, interventions and modulations based on CM and inflammation levels may help treat NSSI in adolescents with MDD.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.