ArticleBMC infectious diseases2025
Epidemiological trends of hand, foot, and mouth disease in children under age 10, Jiangning District, Jiangsu, China (2009-2023).
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Seroprevalence of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease Among Children and Adolescents in Türkiye.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Changes in the incidence of notifiable infectious diseases before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic in Mainland China.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Analysis and forecast of hand, foot, and mouth disease epidemic trends in Guangzhou, China, 2013-2023.PloS one · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeThis study aimed to analyse the epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) among children under age 10 in Jiangning District, Jiangsu Province, from 2009 to 2023, explore its changing trends, and provide a scientific basis for optimizing public health prevention and control strategies.
methodsHFMD case data were obtained from the "Notifiable Infectious Disease Reporting Information Management System". Descriptive statistical analysis was used to assess HFMD incidence, joinpoint regression analysis was applied to analyse long-term trends, and wavelet analysis was used to explore seasonality and periodicity.
resultsA total of 50,645 HFMD cases in children under 10 years of age were reported during the study period, with an average annual incidence rate of 3,136.01 per 100,000 people. The annual incidence rate fluctuated between 544.39 per 100,000 (in 2022) and 6,260.63 per 100,000 (in 2018), showing an initial steady increase, followed by a sharp decline and a rapid rebound. HFMD showed a pronounced incidence peak during summer and autumn, with periodic fluctuations at intervals of 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months. Boys had a higher incidence rate, with an average annual rate of 3588.07 per 100,000, compared with 2646.00 per 100,000 in girls. Children aged 1 and 3 years had the highest incidence rates. The dominant serotypes shifted, with an overall decline in the proportions of EV-A71 and CVA16, whereas CVA6 emerged as the predominant circulating serotype. Moreover, the proportion of severe cases has continued to decrease.
conclusionThe incidence of HFMD among children under age 10 in Jiangning District remains high, and the predominant serotypes have changed in recent years. The decline in incidence during the COVID-19 pandemic and its subsequent recovery may be linked to non-pharmacological interventions and the "immune debt" phenomenon, a relationship that warrants further validation. The EV-A71 vaccine and improved public health interventions have contributed to a steady decline in the severity rate. Strengthening surveillance, developing vaccines targeting predominant serotypes, and optimizing prevention and control strategies are essential for the precise prevention and control of HFMD in children.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.