A clinico-epidemiological study, assessing possible predictors of mortality and health-related quality of life for people living with visceral leishmaniasis - human immune virus (VL-HIV) co-infection in a high burden kala-azar endemic state of India: a descriptive cross-sectional study.

backgroundVisceral leishmaniasis-human immunodeficiency virus (VL-HIV) co-infection has emerged as a serious concern, which could adversely affect the VL elimination efforts of the country. These patients have a poor VL therapeutic success rate, more drug-related toxicity, and relapses resulting in high mortality. Despite the emerging pattern of VL-HIV co-infection, there have been limited studies analyzing the presentation of VL-HIV co-infection in Bihar, India. The present study investigated the clinico-epidemiological features, predictors of mortality, and quality of life for people living with VL-HIV co-infection.

methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted, using retrospective data on VL-HIV cases from 2018 to 2020. A semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Data analysis was done, using the IBM SPSS statistics v22.

resultsOur study included a large sample of 222 VL-HIV cases, of these one-fifth of the patients (47; 21%) had died. A highly statistically significant difference (P < 0.0001) in mortality was observed between males (38; 80.9%) and females (9; 19.1%). The death occurred rapidly within a mean duration of 6.7 months (95% CI: 5.4-8.1) after VL diagnosis. A highly statistically significant difference (P < 0.0001) was observed between individuals who had stopped anti-retroviral therapy (ART) (36; 76.6%) and those who were taking ART regularly (11; 23.4%) in terms of mortality. The primary predisposing factor observed was heterosexual behavior, which accounted for 113 cases (88.3%). In most of the cases (95.3%), the diagnosis was done at tertiary care centers and not in their home district. The majority of VL cases (101; 78.9%) were treated with multiple doses of liposomal amphotericin B. Out of 128 VL-HIV cases, 120 (93.7%) were declared cured of VL after completing treatment. Approximately 47 cases (36.7%) experienced more than two VL relapses. A significant difference was observed for gender and income per month in the environmental health domain specifically.

conclusionThe present study documents a time gap between the initiation and cessation of ART, as well as the duration from VL treatment to death. It suggests that regular adherence to ART may have a significant impact on reducing mortality and relapses. Therefore, a comprehensive people-centric approach for specific groups must be adopted for VL-HIV patients. Additional epidemiological studies on VL-HIV co-infection are warranted.