ArticleBMC microbiology2025
Effects of different doses of microcystin-LR exposure on gut development and the microbiota of Xenopus laevis tadpoles.
Article in BMC microbiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Microcystin-LR-Induced Oxidative Stress, Transcriptome Changes, Intestinal Microbiota, and Histopathology inAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Impact of Dietary Feeding Levels of Juvenile Red-Tail Catfish (Aquaculture nutrition · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAlthough the acute toxicity of microcystin-LR has been widely confirmed, its effects on aquatic organisms at environmental concentrations have not been systematically studied. To reveal the effects of microcystin-LR on gut development and the microbiota of tadpoles, Xenopus laevis tadpoles were exposed to 0, 1, 5, 20, and 50 µg/L of microcystin-LR for 1, 7, 49, and 70 days (d) and the results were analyzed using histopathology, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and 16 S rRNA amplicon sequencing.
resultsExposure to 5 µg/L microcystin-LR caused damage to the intestinal integrity and development of tadpoles, with the severity of damage increasing with higher concentrations. High concentrations of microcystin-LR (≥ 20 µg/L) significantly increased intestinal epithelial thickness over 49 d. Additionally, exposure to different concentrations of microcystin-LR had varying effects on the expression of TNF-α, IL-8, and TGF-β in the intestine, and microcystin-LR exposure at 50 µg/L continuously inhibited the expression of TGF-β. The relative abundances of Actinobacteria and Spirochaetes changed with sampling stages. In the samples taken at 49 d, Firmicutes and Tenericutes were significantly more abundant than in other samples, whereas Proteobacteria were significantly less abundant (p < 0.05). Microcystin-degrading Microbacterium, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Acinetobacter were the dominant bacteria in the gut microbiota.
conclusionThese results suggested that exposure to different concentrations of microcystin-LR caused changes in the gut microbiota, potentially affecting the metabolism of microcystin-LR, and ultimately impacting the toxicity of microcystin-LR in X. laevis development.
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