Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40603976›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2025

Fabrication of poly (ɛ-caprolactone) 3D scaffolds with controllable porosity using ultrasound.

Martin Weber, Dmitry Nikolaev, Mikko Koskenniemi, Jere Hyvönen, Joel Jääskeläinen, Armand Navarre, Ekaterina Takmakova, Arun Teotia, Pekka Katajisto, Robert Luxenhofer and 2 more

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In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Martin WeberElectronics Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. martin.weber@helsinki.fi.
Dmitry NikolaevElectronics Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Mikko KoskenniemiElectronics Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Jere HyvönenElectronics Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Joel JääskeläinenElectronics Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Armand NavarreTechnical college of Blois, Blois, France.
Ekaterina TakmakovaSoft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, and Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Arun TeotiaInstitute of Biotechnology (HiLIFE), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Pekka KatajistoInstitute of Biotechnology (HiLIFE), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Robert LuxenhoferSoft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, and Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Edward HæggströmElectronics Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Ari SalmiElectronics Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.

Funding

Research Council of Finland 347459
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

3D printing has progressed significantly, allowing objects to be produced using a wide variety of materials. Recent advances have employed focused ultrasound in 3D printing, to allow printing inside acoustically transparent materials. Here we introduce a selective ultrasonic melting (SUM) method for 3D printing of poly (ɛ-caprolactone) powder mixed with water. The printing was done by mechanically moving a focused ultrasound transducer. The microstructure and porosity of the prints were analyzed with micro-computed tomography. The open porosity of the printed samples was determined using the water intrusion method and by passing fluorescent microspheres through the structure. The cytocompatibility of the printed structures was confirmed by seeding NIH-3T3 fibroblast cells on the scaffolds, followed by analysis using live/dead fluorescent assay and visualization using scanning electron microscopy. We demonstrated that SUM is a viable technique to print structures with active control of their porosity. This method provides an alternative to methods such as fused deposition modelling and material jetting.

Identifiers

PMID40603976
PMCPMC12223169

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.