Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40603752›Full record

ArticleIn vitro cellular & developmental biology. Animal2025

Non-animal testing of Iranian enterotoxemia vaccine: cell culture assay for Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin.

Anahita Emadi, Lida Abdolmohammadi Khiav, Sina Soleimani, Mohsen Lotfi, Faranak Abnaroodheleh, Maryam Dadar

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Article in In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Animal, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Anahita EmadiDepartment of Bacterial Vaccines Quality Control, Razi Vaccine & Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), 31975-148, Karaj, Iran.
Lida Abdolmohammadi KhiavDepartment of Anaerobic Vaccine Research and Production, Specialized Clostridia Research Laboratory, Razi Vaccine & Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
Sina SoleimaniDepartment of Biobank, Razi Vaccine & Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
Mohsen LotfiDepartment of Viral Vaccines Quality Control, Razi Vaccine & Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
Faranak AbnaroodhelehBiological Products Department, Iranian Veterinary Organization, Tehran, Iran.
Maryam DadarDepartment of Brucellosis, Razi Vaccine & Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran. dadar.m77@gmail.com.

Funding

Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute 2-18-18-93120
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Epsilon toxin produced by Clostridium perfringens type D is the third most potent clostridial toxin. It causes enterotoxemia in sheep and lambs. The clostridial vaccine has been used against clostridial disease, and its efficacy is evaluated using the serum neutralization (SN) assay as a gold standard. Researchers are concerned about replacing in vivo tests with in vitro tests. Our study aimed to evaluate the cell culture assay to measure the neutralizing antibodies against Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin as an alternative SN assay. Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) and African green monkey kidney (Vero) cell lines were used to monitor the cell line response after treatment with purified epsilon toxin through microscopic examination and 3-[4,5-imethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) staining. Antibodies were calculated in cell culture assays, and SN results were analyzed using Pearson's correlation. Based on our results, only MDCK was sensitive to the epsilon toxin. The cytopathic effect in this cell culture was rounded. The relationship between toxin concentration and cell viability showed that increasing toxin concentrations significantly decreased cell viability. Good correlation coefficients were obtained between SN and the in vitro assay (r = 0.987) (p < 0.01). The antibody titers obtained by SN were within the range of the cytotoxicity assay and had high reproducibility. Therefore, cell culture may be a suitable alternative for SN assays. Cell culture is one of the tools used in toxicity testing, resulting in consistent and reproducible results.

Indexed as

Animal Testing AlternativesBacterial ToxinsBacterial VaccinesClostridium perfringensEnterotoxemiaAnimalsAntibodies, NeutralizingCell Culture TechniquesCell SurvivalChlorocebus aethiopsDogsIranMadin Darby Canine Kidney CellsNeutralization TestsVero CellsAntibodies, NeutralizingBacterial ToxinsBacterial VaccinesClostridium perfringens epsilon-toxinCytotoxicity assayEpsilon toxinMDCK cellSerum neutralization testVero cell

Identifiers

PMID40603752

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.