Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40602475›Full record

Observational studyAmerican journal of ophthalmology2025

Female Reproductive Factors in Relation to Risk of Exfoliation Glaucoma or Glaucoma Suspect.

Jae H Kang, Zhiyu Wu, Megan Yu, Hannah H Hwang, Namuunaa Juramt, Bernard A Rosner, Louis R Pasquale, Janey L Wiggs

Abstract readMulticenter StudyObservational Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in American journal of ophthalmology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Pre-diagnostic plasma endogenous steroids and the risk of exfoliation glaucoma.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026
    Article
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Jae H KangChanning Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (J.K., Z.W., N.J., B.R.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Electronic address: nhjhk@channing.harvard.edu.
Zhiyu WuChanning Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (J.K., Z.W., N.J., B.R.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (Z.W., B.R.), Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Megan YuUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (M.Y.), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
Hannah H HwangDepartment of Ophthalmology (H.H., J.W.), Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Namuunaa JuramtChanning Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (J.K., Z.W., N.J., B.R.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Bernard A RosnerChanning Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (J.K., Z.W., N.J., B.R.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (Z.W., B.R.), Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Louis R PasqualeDepartment of Ophthalmology (L.P.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
Janey L WiggsDepartment of Ophthalmology (H.H., J.W.), Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Funding

Life Course Cancer Epidemiology Cohort in WomenU01CA176726 · NCI · HARVARD UNIVERSITY D/B/A HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH · PI ELIASSEN, A. HEATHER, WILLETT, WALTER C. · 2018 to 2025
$22.4M
Long Term Multidisciplinary Study of Cancer in Women: The Nurses Health StudyUM1CA186107 · NCI · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · PI ELIASSEN, A. HEATHER, STAMPFER, MEIR · 2014 to 2023
$22.3M
Gene-Environment Interactions in GlaucomaR01EY015473 · NEI · MASSACHUSETTS EYE AND EAR INFIRMARY · PI PASQUALE, LOUIS ROBERT · 2005 to 2021
$8.3M
Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors for Exfoliation Syndrome and GlaucomaR01EY020928 · NEI · MASSACHUSETTS EYE AND EAR INFIRMARY · PI KANG, JAE H, WIGGS, JANEY L · 2011 to 2025
$7.3M
PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF RISK FACTORS FOR EYE DISEASER01EY009611 · NEI · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · PI HANKINSON, SUSAN E. · 1995 to 2004
$2.2M
NCI NIH HHS U01 CA176726NCI NIH HHS UM1 CA186107NEI NIH HHS R01 EY009611NEI NIH HHS R01 EY015473NEI NIH HHS R01 EY020928
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeIncidence studies have reported higher rates of exfoliation syndrome and glaucoma (XFG) in women, implicating female-specific factors. We evaluated associations between female reproductive factors and incident XFG.

designProspective cohort study of 121 098 females in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS; 1980-2018) and NHSII (1991-2019).

methodsEligible participants were ≥40 years old, postmenopausal, had no history of XFG or cataract extraction, had data on reproductive factors, and reported ophthalmic examinations. Incident XFG or exfoliation glaucoma suspect (XFGS) cases (n = 440 affected eyes) were confirmed with medical records. Per-eye Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (MVHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). False discovery rate (FDR) was used to correct for multiple comparisons.

resultsOverall, reproductive history indicative of a greater lifetime estrogen exposure was suggestively associated with higher XFG/XFGS risk. Each 1-year increase in age at menarche was associated with 9% lower risks (MVHR = 0.91; 95% CI: 0.85, 0.97; FDR-corrected P

conclusionLater age at menarche was associated with a lower XFG/XFGS risk. Surgical versus natural menopause was inversely associated with XFG/XFGS risk only among those with high genetic susceptibility. These results need confirmation.

Indexed as

Exfoliation SyndromeGlaucoma, Open-AngleOcular HypertensionReproductive HistoryAdultAgedFemaleFollow-Up StudiesHumansIncidenceIntraocular PressureMiddle AgedProspective StudiesRisk FactorsUnited States

Identifiers

PMID40602475
PMCPMC12414517

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.