ArticleFrontiers in public health2025
Barriers to vaccine acceptance and immunization coverage in Kazakhstan: a mixed-methods study using the COM-B framework.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Health communication strategies to address parental vaccine hesitancy regarding childhood vaccination in Nigeria: a systematic review.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- Authority endorsements backfire and social norms fail to increase vaccination intent in post-COVID Kazakhstan.SSM - population health · 2026Article
- Urban-rural disparities in HPV vaccination knowledge, willingness, and uptake among women in the Tibet autonomous region: a multi-center cross-sectional study.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Factors contributing to low uptake of vaccination in underserved communities: a mixed-method diagnostic design in Southwest Region of Cameroon.The Pan African medical journal · 2026Article
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7 authors.
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Abstract
Background: Vaccine hesitancy remains a significant public health challenge, affecting immunization coverage and increasing the risk of vaccine-preventable diseases. Understanding the factors influencing vaccine acceptance is crucial for developing targeted interventions. This study examines immunization coverage, vaccine hesitancy, and barriers to vaccine uptake in Kazakhstan, focusing on routine childhood immunization, COVID-19 vaccination, and HPV vaccination. Methods: A mixed-methods approach was used, combining quantitative immunization coverage data with qualitative insights from focus group discussions (FGDs). Immunization trends were presented using national data from 2020 to 2022. The study included FGDs with healthcare workers, unvaccinated older adults, mothers/caregivers of unvaccinated young children and of adolescent girls, focusing on COVID-19, routine immunization, and HPV vaccination. Thematic analysis was used for defining main themes in discussions. Results: Although routine immunization coverage improved in 2022 compared to 2020, general vaccine refusals increased by 2.62 times. The primary reasons for vaccine refusal included personal beliefs (68%), concerns about vaccine safety (54%), and distrust in healthcare institutions (39%). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy was particularly high among older adult individuals, influenced by skepticism regarding vaccine safety, multiple vaccine options, and conspiracy theories. Healthcare professionals exhibited mixed confidence in COVID-19 vaccines expressing concerns about long-term safety. HPV vaccination hesitancy was linked to limited awareness and misconceptions about cervical cancer. Conclusion: Despite improvements in immunization coverage, vaccine hesitancy remains a critical barrier in Kazakhstan. Addressing misinformation, enhancing healthcare communication, and implementing targeted educational campaigns are essential for improving vaccine acceptance and public trust in immunization programs.
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