ArticleFrontiers in public health2025
Patterns of lifestyle risk behaviors for cardiovascular disease in family caregivers: a latent class analysis.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Caregiving responsibilities, living alone, and mental health among older women during a time of collective stress.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2026Article
- Lifestyle and Cardiovascular Risk Factors by Educational Attainment in a Mediterranean Setting: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of a Population-Based Sample.Global heart · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
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Abstract
Introduction: Lifestyle risk behaviors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) often co-occur. However, little is known about their co-occurrence patterns among family caregivers, a high-risk population for CVD. This study aimed to identify distinct latent classes of lifestyle risk behaviors for CVD among caregivers and to examine socio-demographic, health-related, and caregiving characteristics associated with membership in the latent classes. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional secondary data analysis of the 2019 Health Information National Trends Survey 5 Cycle 3, involving 643 unpaid family caregivers in the United States. The lifestyle risk behaviors for CVD included current cigarette use, current alcohol consumption, low physical activity, prolonged sedentary time, low fruit intake, and low vegetable intake, as defined by established guidelines. We performed latent class analysis to identify unobserved subgroups based on these multiple lifestyle risk behaviors. Subsequently, we conducted multinomial logistic regression to investigate socio-demographic, health-related, and caregiving characteristics associated with latent class membership. Results: The majority of participants were females (55.3%) and non-Hispanic white (57.1%), with a mean age of 55 ± 16 years. Three distinct classes were identified: Class 1 ( Conclusion: Our findings reveal the presence of subgroups of caregivers with unique patterns of lifestyle risk behaviors, with most not meeting the recommended levels of health behaviors. Future studies should consider these co-occurring patterns along with the key factors associated with higher-risk lifestyle behavior patterns when developing interventions to promote caregivers' cardiovascular health.
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