ArticleFrontiers in immunology2025
Interferons and
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
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Abstract
Introduction: The apicomplexan parasite Methods: We first investigated the mechanisms of PD-L1 regulation and the roles of type I and III interferons in an Results: Our findings reveal new roles for type I and III interferons in regulating glial cell activation and PD-L1 expression in RPE, Müller, astrocytes and microglial cells. Notably, Müller cells, the most abundant glial cells in the retina, showed the highest baseline PD-L1 expression at both the mRNA and protein levels, and responded robustly to interferon stimulation. This points to a more prominent immunoregulatory role for Müller cells in the retina than previously recognized. Furthermore, we identified a parasite protease-dependent mechanism that reduces PD-L1 expression in our Discussion: The parasite
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.