Examining factors influencing the adoption of smart integrated devices by the elderly in the digital era: insights from behavioral design theory.

Introduction: Digitalization and aging are two defining characteristics of contemporary social transformation. As smart integrated devices become increasingly embedded in everyday life, understanding how elderly individuals interact with these technologies is essential for promoting digital inclusion and social integration. Although previous research has examined digital engagement among older adults, the specific behavioral and contextual factors that shape their usage of smart devices in a digital society remain underexplored. This study seeks to clarify how these factors operate and how they may be leveraged to support the well-being of the aging population. Methods: This study utilized data from the 2020 China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey (CLASS), focusing on elderly individuals living in urban areas. A combination of logistic regression analysis, Lasso regression, and robustness tests was employed to identify the key predictors of smart integrated device usage. The analysis examined a range of variables including demographic characteristics, health status, education, income, internet usage experience, and family structure. Comparisons were made across groups to assess how these factors influence usage behavior, and Lasso regression was used to identify the most robust predictors. Results: The analysis revealed that elderly individuals are more likely to use smart devices if they are male, older, married, in poorer health, more highly educated, have lower income, have fewer children, and have previous experience using the internet. Among these, internet usage experience emerged as the most significant and consistent predictor across all models, as identified by the Lasso regression. Furthermore, the purposes for which the elderly use the internet, such as communication, information, or entertainment. These patterns were found to be stable even after controlling for potential confounding variables. Discussion: The findings challenge traditional assumptions about fixed sensory or cognitive hierarchies in aging populations and instead suggest that smart device usage among the elderly is shaped by a dynamic interplay of motivational, ability-based, and environmental factors. Drawing on Behavioral Design Theory, the study interprets these patterns through three lenses: motivation (e.g., health monitoring and social interaction), ability (e.g., physical and cognitive usability of devices), and triggers (e.g., technical and emotional support from family members). Under this framework, digital engagement appears to be highly context-dependent, with adaptive resource allocation and social support playing a crucial role in determining whether and how elderly individuals use smart technologies. The results emphasize the importance of designing inclusive digital environments and policies that respond to the nuanced needs and experiences of the aging population.