ArticleHealth science reports2025
Utilizing Kernel Density Estimation and Butterfly Diagram to Characterize the Gait Variability in the Fallers: A Cross-Sectional Study.
Article in Health science reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background and Aims: The butterfly diagram is an effective tool for visualizing gait patterns and identifying potential areas of instability in the elderly individuals who fall. Nevertheless, there is a lack of comprehensive exploration regarding the quantification of variability at the intersections in butterfly diagrams. We proposed the utilization of kernel density estimation (KDE) and center of pressure (COP) symmetry index to analyze the spatial probability distribution of intersections in butterfly diagrams and to characterize the variability of gait patterns in elderly fallers. Methods: Twenty active elderly individuals (including both fallers and non-fallers) volunteered to participate in this study. Initially, the self-selected walking speed of each subject was assessed using a treadmill. Subsequently, each participant walked for a duration of 60 s. The bilateral toe-off (TO) and initial contact (IC) points of the butterfly diagram were identified for the computation of the COP symmetry index and the intersections of bilateral TO-IC. Following this, the intersections within the walking window were utilized to assess their density and variability through Kernel density estimation. Results: Fallers exhibited a significantly greater COP symmetry index (mean = 0.09, SD = 0.55), than non-fallers (mean = 0.58, SD = 0.56; sig. = 0.03, η Conclusions: KDE and COP symmetry analysis appeared to effectively quantify gait variability, offering insights into fall risk factors and potential intervention targets for elderly women.
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