Tracing Missing Surgical Specimens: A Quality Improvement Strategy for Adverse Events Based on Root Cause Analysis.

Background: In 2022, a critical incident occurred at a Chinese hospital where a surgical specimen from a rectal prostate procedure was misplaced, necessitating repeat surgery for the patient. This event underscored systemic vulnerabilities in specimen handling processes and catalyzed an investigation into how healthcare systems manage medical errors to uphold patient safety. Methods: Using root cause analysis (RCA), we dissected the workflow gaps and organizational factors contributing to the specimen loss. Key failures identified included unclear role delineation among staff, inadequate specimen labeling protocols, and lack of real-time tracking mechanisms. Three interventions were implemented: (1) Redesigning specimen handling workflows with explicit role responsibilities; (2) Developing standardized, color-coded specimen bottles and racks to improve visual identification; (3) Integrating an electronic tracking system for closed-loop management of specimens. Results: Post-intervention, the recognition rate of post-use specimen vials improved from 0% to 100% after implementing a dual-color sealing system (white cap with red ring), enabling visual confirmation of proper sealing. Over two years, no surgical pathology specimens were lost post-intervention. Conclusion: The RCA-driven reforms effectively addressed systemic flaws in specimen management, demonstrating that targeted process redesign, ergonomic tools, and digital tracking can mitigate risks of medical errors. This case highlights the importance of analyzing localized workflow failures within broader systemic contexts to build resilient, patient-centered medical care systems.