ReviewInternational journal of nanomedicine2025
Graphene-Based Nanomaterials in Photodynamic Therapy: Synthesis Strategies, Functional Roles, and Clinical Translation for Tumor Treatment.
Review in International journal of nanomedicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Graphene-Based 3D Scaffolds in Bone Regeneration: Emerging Opportunities for MRONJ Treatment.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Synergistic Photothermal-Chemotherapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Cancer Stem Cells via in situ pH-Responsive Hydrogels.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Article
- Carbon Nanomaterials in Biomedicine: Opportunities and Toxicological Concerns.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective approach for inducing tumor cell death through reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by light-activated photosensitizers (PSs). Despite its selectivity in tumor treatment, PDT still faces significant challenges in targeting deep-seated tumors due to limitations in tissue penetration and precise localization. Graphene-based nanomaterials, such as graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), graphene quantum dots (GQDs), and graphene nanosheets (GNS), offer innovative solutions by enhancing light penetration, boosting PS activity, and improving tumor-targeting precision. This review highlights how graphene-based nanomaterials address these challenges through functionalization strategies, including receptor-mediated tumor targeting, size-dependent penetration, optical synergy, and hypoxia modulation. Additionally, it explores the synthesis and production challenges associated with these materials. Focusing on four key graphene derivatives-GO, rGO, GQDs, and GNS-this article examines how reaction conditions, catalyst types, and precursor purity influence their structural properties and functional performance in PDT. To facilitate the translation from laboratory research to clinical application, strategies for scaling up production are discussed, emphasizing the need to simplify synthesis processes and improve efficiency for broader biomedical use. This review provides valuable insights into advancing graphene-based nanomaterials for clinical PDT applications, bridging the gap between nanomaterial design and therapeutic precision.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.