Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40598679›Full record

ArticleBMC research notes2025

The status of occult HBV infection in a high endemic region: risk of community HBV transmission and reactivation.

Hussein Mukasa Kafeero, Ponsiano Ocama, Dorothy Ndagire, Abdul Walusansa, Mariam Namusoke, Ali Kudamba, Fahad Muwanda, Hakim Sendagire

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In one paragraph

Article in BMC research notes, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Hussein Mukasa KafeeroDepartment of Biomedical and Mechatronics Engineering, Kyambogo University, P.O Box 1, Kyambogo, Uganda. husseinmukasakafeero@gmail.com.
Ponsiano OcamaDepartment of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
Dorothy NdagireDepartment of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
Abdul WalusansaDepartment of Medical Microbiology, Habib Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Islamic University in Uganda, P.O Box 7689, Kampala, Uganda.
Mariam NamusokeDepartment of Biochemistry, Habib Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Islamic University in Uganda, P.O Box 7689, Kampala, Uganda.
Ali KudambaDepartment of Physiology, Habib Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Islamic University in Uganda, P.O Box 7689, Kampala, Uganda.
Fahad MuwandaDepartment of Medical Microbiology, Habib Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Islamic University in Uganda, P.O Box 7689, Kampala, Uganda.
Hakim SendagireDepartment of Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesOccult hepatitis B virus (OBI) infection, characterized by the presence of HBV DNA in the absence of detectable HBsAg in the blood, is considered a potential hidden pathway for HBV transmission and reactivation, which can lead to liver cancer. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of OBI in a region of Uganda with high HBV endemicity, in order to help explain variations in HBV distribution within the country.

resultsAmong the 387 participants who tested negative for HBsAg, the majority were women (240 individuals, 62.0%), married (242 individuals, 62.5%), and aged 30 years or older (207 individuals, 53.5%). The OBI was detected in 21 participants (5.43%). Most of those with OBI were 30 years old or younger (13 individuals, 61.9%), male (12 individuals, 57.1%), had normal liver enzyme levels, and showed an average viral load of 194.4 IU/mL with a standard deviation (SD) of ± 122.05.

Indexed as

Endemic DiseasesHepatitis BHepatitis B virusVirus ActivationAdolescentAdultAgedDNA, ViralFemaleHepatitis B Surface AntigensHumansMaleMiddle AgedPrevalenceRisk FactorsUgandaDNA, ViralHepatitis B Surface AntigensEndemicityImmunocompromisedLatencyOccult hepatitis B infectionReactivation

Identifiers

PMID40598679
PMCPMC12211930

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.