SynthesisSystematic reviews2025
Efficacy and safety of ketamine and esketamine for preventing opioid-induced cough: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Synthesis in Systematic reviews, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Comparative safety of esketamine in procedural sedation and analgesia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.BMC anesthesiology · 2026Pooled it
- Effect of tegileridine pretreatment on fentanyl-induced cough during general anesthesia induction: a randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Trial
- Effect of Preoperative Esketamine Nebulized Inhalation on Cough Reflex, Sedation, and Postoperative Sore Throat in Extubation of Surgical Patients: A Prospective, Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial.Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Trial
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundOpioid-induced cough (OIC) is a common side effect during anesthetic induction. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ketamine/esketamine in preventing OIC during anesthetic induction.
methodsWe systematically searched Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar from inception through December 2024 for randomized controlled trials that examined the efficacy of ketamine/esketamine in preventing OIC (Registration: INPLASY2024120102). Studies were included if they: (1) evaluated surgical patients receiving short-acting opioids (e.g., fentanyl) during anesthetic induction; (2) compared ketamine or esketamine against placebo/no treatment; and (3) reported OIC incidence. Studies were assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool. Random-effects meta-analysis was performed using risk ratios (RR) for dichotomous outcomes and mean differences (MD) for continuous outcomes, with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The primary outcome was the overall incidence of OIC within 3 min after opioids administration.
resultsTwelve trials involving ketamine (nine trials) and esketamine (three trials) were analyzed. Notably, both agents significantly reduced the overall incidence of OIC compared to placebo (RR: 0.30; 95% CI: 0.22-0.41; p < 0.00001, I
conclusionsOur findings suggest that ketamine and esketamine are effective in reducing OIC during anesthetic induction. However, given the short delay in cough onset and mild improvements in oxygen saturation, the clinical significance of these findings may be limited in routine practice. Their use may be most beneficial in selected patients at risk of OIC-related complications. Further research is warranted to assess their value in high-risk populations and their role in combination prevention strategies.
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Registered trials
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