Observational studyItalian journal of pediatrics2025
BM study: a monocentric prospective observational cohort study on neonatal humoral immunity against COVID-19 secondary to transplacental antibody transfer and breastfeeding.
Observational study in Italian journal of pediatrics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- A Double-Edged Sword: Breast Milk-Derived Maternal Antibodies and Infant Vaccine Responses: A Narrative Review.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Crosstalk between the microbiome and the mucosal immunoglobulin A system in the lung, in health and disease.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the vulnerability of pregnant women and newborns, emphasizing the importance of vaccination during pregnancy to protect mothers and their infants. Maternal vaccination generates robust anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies, transferred to the fetus through the placenta, providing neonatal protection. Breastfeeding also transfers maternal antibodies (IgA and IgG), potentially enhancing mucosal immunity. This study aimed to evaluate neonatal antibody kinetics following maternal COVID-19 vaccination, comparing vaccinated naïve mothers to those previously infected.
methodsA monocentric prospective observational cohort study was conducted between July 2021 and July 2022, enrolling 44 mother-infant pairs at the Pediatrics Unit of Arzignano Cazzavillan Hospital. Eligible participants included mothers vaccinated during pregnancy (third trimester), either naïve or previously infected with SARS-CoV-2. Blood and breast milk samples were collected at birth and periodically up to six months postpartum. Neonatal cord blood and subsequent samples were analyzed for anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike (S1) IgG and IgA antibodies. Statistical analyses involved parametric and non-parametric tests, with significance set at p < 0.05.
resultsOut of 44 enrolled pairs, 12 breastfeeding pairs (9 naïve and 3 previously infected mothers) and 3 formula-fed pairs completed the full protocol. At birth, neonates demonstrated significantly higher IgG levels than mothers, especially from naïve mothers, confirming efficient transplacental antibody transfer (p < 0.05). Breast milk from previously infected mothers contained significantly higher IgA levels than naïve mothers at all postpartum time points (p < 0.05), whereas IgG levels remained stable and similar between groups. Formula-fed infants exhibited a faster decline in serum IgG compared to breastfed infants.
conclusionsMaternal vaccination during pregnancy induced robust transplacental IgG transfer, providing neonatal protection from birth. Breastfeeding significantly maintained neonatal IgG levels and contributed additional IgA-mediated mucosal protection, particularly following maternal infection. Formula-fed infants experienced a more rapid antibody decline. Maternal COVID-19 vaccination effectively transfers protective antibodies transplacental and through breastfeeding, suggesting its importance in prenatal care strategies.
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