Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40598331›Full record

ArticleBMC psychology2025

Assessment of the construct of paranoia in a non-clinical sample: validation of the paranoia scale based on a continuum model.

Maryam Amini Fasakhoudi, Abbas Masjedi Arani, Abbas Bakhshipour Roudsari, Maryam Mazaheri, Asma Shahi, Saina Fatollahzadeh, Mohammad Kazem Atef Vahid

Abstract readValidation Study
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In one paragraph

Article in BMC psychology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Maryam Amini FasakhoudiDepartment of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran. amini.maryam329@gmail.com.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6136-0697
Abbas Masjedi AraniDepartment of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. dr.masjediarani@gmail.com.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5521-0257
Abbas Bakhshipour RoudsariDepartment of Clinical Psychology, School of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0345-4975
Maryam MazaheriClinical Psychology Department, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4071-7973
Asma ShahiMaster of health psychology, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical science, Tehran, Iran.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7347-4903
Saina FatollahzadehDepartment of Clinical Psychology, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8303-0667
Mohammad Kazem Atef VahidMental Health Research Center, Department of Clinical Psychology and Health Psychology, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4854-5299

Funding

Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences IR.SBMU.RETECH.REC.1400.828
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Paranoia Scale (PS) in a sample of university students. Specifically, we assessed its structural validity, measurement invariance, reliability, and other psychometric characteristics to determine suitability for use in Persian-speaking populations.

methodsA total of 470 university students were recruited using a convenience sampling method over a six-month period. Participants completed the Paranoia Scale and other measures which were conceptually related to the concept of paranoia. Data analysis comprised descriptive statistics, correlation coefficients, measurement invariance, as well as principal component analysis and confirmatory factor analysis.

resultsPrincipal component analysis (PCA) revealed a two-factor structure, comprising "Mistrust Thoughts" and "Persecutory Ideas." Subsequently, a second-order confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) demonstrated an acceptable model fit, supporting the scale's structural validity.

conclusionsParanoid thoughts in non-clinical populations are phenomena of interest in their own right and may increases our understanding of delusions. Therefore, the Paranoia Scale suggest as a valid and reliable instrument with good internal consistency.

Indexed as

Paranoid DisordersPsychiatric Status Rating ScalesAdolescentAdultFactor Analysis, StatisticalFemaleHumansIranMalePrincipal Component AnalysisPsychometricsReproducibility of ResultsStudentsSurveys and QuestionnairesYoung AdultNon-clinical sampleParanoia continuumParanoia scalePrincipal component analysis and confirmatory factor analysis

Identifiers

PMID40598331
PMCPMC12211458

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.