ArticleBMC medicine2025
Association between vegetarian diet and risk of frailty in Chinese older adults: a prospective study.
Article in BMC medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Associations of the Chinese healthy eating index and dietary diversity score with depressive and anxious symptoms among older adults.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- Inferred vegans in studies not designed to assess vegan status may be largely artifacts.NPJ science of food · 2026Review
- Network Analysis of Food Intake Patterns and Frailty Dimensions in Chinese Older Adults: A National Cross-Sectional Study.Nutrients · 2026Article
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- The association of oral health with anxiety symptoms among older adults in China: a cross-sectional study.BMC geriatrics · 2026Article
- Nutrition literacy, dietary diversity, and frailty among older adults in China.BMC geriatrics · 2026Article
- Associations Among Obesity, Dietary Habits, and Erectile Dysfunction in Cardiac Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Dietary diversity modifies the association between household solid fuel use and sleep health in older adults.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Association between the planetary health diet and sleep health in older adults: findings from a national community-based study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Flexitarian dietary patterns and neuropsychiatric multimorbidity among the oldest-old in China.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Analyzing Frailty Trajectories and Predictive Factors in Older Chinese Adults: A Group-Based Trajectory Modeling.Public health nursing (Boston, Mass.)Article
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Abstract
backgroundAlthough dietary patterns rich in plant-based food have been linked to lower frailty risk in older adults, the relationship between vegetarian diet and incident frailty has been understudied. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between vegetarian diet and risk of frailty in a nationwide representative cohort of Chinese community-dwelling older adults (≥ 65 years old).
methodsIncluded were 27,917 participants (age range: 65-122 years; mean age: 86.9 ± 11.0 years) free of frailty at study entry, from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey initiated in 1998. According to the consumption of meat, fish, eggs, and milk products assessed by the food frequency questionnaire at each survey, participants were categorized as omnivores (n = 23,541) or vegetarians (n = 4376), among which were further classified as pesco-vegetarians (n = 1547), ovo-lacto-vegetarians (n = 1745), and vegans (n = 1084). Diet trajectory (from baseline to the first follow-up survey, median interval: 2.8 years) categories included Stick-To-Omnivorous, Stick-To-Vegetarian, Omnivorous-To-Vegetarian, and Vegetarian-To-Omnivorous. Frailty was defined by a frailty index > 0.25 based on 40 variables reflecting health deficits. We used multivariable time-varying Cox proportional hazard models to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of frailty risk according to different diet groups and diet trajectories.
resultsDuring a median follow-up of 3.0 (IQR: 1.83-5.33) years, vegetarians showed a higher risk of incident frailty (HR [95% CI]: 1.13 [1.07, 1.20]) compared to omnivores. Similar patterns were observed across subgroups of vegetarian diet, including pesco-vegetarians (HR [95% CI]: 1.15 [1.05, 1.26]), ovo-lacto-vegetarians (HR [95% CI]: 1.11 [1.02, 1.20]), and vegans (HR [95% CI]: 1.12 [1.01, 1.25]). In terms of diet trajectory, maintaining vegetarian diets (HR [95% CI]: 1.19 [1.03, 1.38]), transition from the omnivorous diet to vegetarian diets (HR [95% CI]: 1.16 [1.04, 1.30]), and transition from vegetarian diets to the omnivorous diet (HR [95% CI]: 1.14 [1.02, 1.27]) were all associated with higher risks of frailty, compared with maintaining an omnivorous diet.
conclusionsIn this prospective study, vegetarian diets were observed to be associated with higher frailty risk, compared to the omnivorous diet in Chinese older adults. Future research is needed to confirm our observations.
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