ArticleBMC cancer2025
Efficacy and safety outcomes of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in recurrent cholangiocarcinoma: a real-world, multicenter and retrospective study.
Article in BMC cancer, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Harnessing cellular immunotherapy for cholangiocarcinoma: an integrated roadmap for overcoming resistance.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe recurrence rate of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is high, and there are currently no evidence-based treatments for recurrent CCA. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) inhibitors in patients with recurrent CCA.
methodsPatients diagnosed with recurrent CCA and treated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors between January 2019 and June 2024 were retrospectively enrolled and analyzed. Overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and tumor responses were evaluated, and immunotherapy-related adverse events were recorded. Cox regression analyses were conducted to assess prognostic factors associated with the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in recurrent CCA.
resultsA total of 140 recurrent CCA patients were enrolled for analysis. The median follow-up time of the cohort was 16.7 months, the median OS and median PFS were 32.5 months and 9.5 months, respectively. The 6-month, 1-year and 2-year OS rates were 93.7%, 76.3% and 57.5%, respectively. The 6-month and 1-year PFS rates were 71.5% and 42.1%, respectively. The objective response rate and disease control rate were 30.0% and 66.4%, respectively. Recurrence interval, immunotherapy cycles, and immunotherapy responder were associated with OS and PFS. In addition, carcinoembryonic antigen and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status score independently served as prognostic factors for OS. The most common adverse events were anemia, leukopenia, fatigue, elevated AST, neutropenia, hypoalbuminemia. There were no treatment-related deaths reported in this study.
conclusionPD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors therapy offers a promising option for recurrent CCA.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.