Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40597725›Full record

ArticleBMC infectious diseases2025

Risk factors and prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Syphilis, among prisoners in Duhok city, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.

Masood Abdulkareem Abdulrahman, Farhad Ismail Shahab, Ibrahim Mohammed Abdullah, Arazoo Issa Tahir, Bland Bayar Khaleel, Nazik Abdulraheem Abdulkarim

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Masood Abdulkareem AbdulrahmanPublic Health Department, College of Health and Medical Technology, Shekhan/ Duhok Polytechnic University, 61 Zakho Road, Mazi Qr, Duhok Governorate, Kurdistan Region, Duhok, Shekhan, 1006, Iraq. masood.abdulkareem@dpu.edu.krd.
Farhad Ismail ShahabPublic Health Department, College of Health and Medical Technology, Shekhan/ Duhok Polytechnic University, 61 Zakho Road, Mazi Qr, Duhok Governorate, Kurdistan Region, Duhok, Shekhan, 1006, Iraq.
Ibrahim Mohammed AbdullahMedical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Health and Medical Technology, Shekhan/ Duhok Polytechnic University, Duhok Governorate, Kurdistan Region, 61 Zakho Road, Mazi Qr, Duhok, 1006, Iraq.
Arazoo Issa TahirPublic Health Department, College of Health and Medical Technology, Shekhan/ Duhok Polytechnic University, 61 Zakho Road, Mazi Qr, Duhok Governorate, Kurdistan Region, Duhok, Shekhan, 1006, Iraq.
Bland Bayar KhaleelPublic Health Department, College of Health and Medical Technology, Shekhan/ Duhok Polytechnic University, 61 Zakho Road, Mazi Qr, Duhok Governorate, Kurdistan Region, Duhok, Shekhan, 1006, Iraq.
Nazik Abdulraheem AbdulkarimMedical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Health and Medical Technology, Shekhan/ Duhok Polytechnic University, Duhok Governorate, Kurdistan Region, 61 Zakho Road, Mazi Qr, Duhok, 1006, Iraq.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundIt is well recognized that jails are high-risk settings for the transmission of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) like HIV and Syphilis. This study was done to detect the prevalence and risk factors of HIV and Syphilis among inmates.

methodsA cross-sectional survey was carried out among inmates in two main jails inside Duhok City. A total of 1033 inmates were investigated between January and February 2024. Participants filled out a personal risk factor questionnaire. Serum samples were tested for HIV1 + 2 and syphilis antibodies using a qualitative ELISA method.

resultsThe average age of the participants was 35.9 ± 10.62 years, with a range of 13-82 years. Out of the 1013 prisoners, 963 (95.1%) were men. Ever married inmates constituted (66.34)%, and (56.1%) of the prisoners were urban dwellers. Regarding their nationality, almost all of the participants were Iraqis (97.0%). It was reported that 68.11% of individuals were self-employed, and 62.8% of them were smokers.Only six cases of Syphilis were detected among male inmates. So, the prevalence rate was 0.59%. Four cases were above 51 years. Age groups were significantly (P =.001) associated with Syphilis cases, while there was no significant statistical association with other demographic characteristics (sex P =.850, residency P =.990, nationality = 0.165, extramarital status P =.187, occupation P =.261), and there was no significant statistical association between infected intimates with all studied risk factors (drug abuse P =.990, homosexuality P =.470, extramarital sex P =.118, blood transfusion P =.990, surgical operations P =.425, tattooing P =.990. The prevalence of HIV was zero.

conclusionsInmates in Duhok City had a low prevalence rate of syphilis and no HIV infections were recorded. Since inmates are a vulnerable group that frequently enters and exits the general population, health data on this population is crucial.

Indexed as

HIV InfectionsPrisonersSyphilisAdolescentAdultAgedAged, 80 and overCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansIraqMaleMiddle AgedPrevalenceRisk FactorsYoung AdultDuhok CityHIVPrisonsSyphilis

Identifiers

PMID40597725
PMCPMC12219918

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.