ArticleBMC nursing2025
Assessing the impact of disaster drills on emergency nurses: development and validation of the Disaster Drills Effectiveness Questionnaire (DDEQ).
Article in BMC nursing, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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Abstract
backgroundEmergency nurses play a critical role in disaster response; however, their preparedness often remains suboptimal. Structured disaster drills are widely used to improve knowledge and skills, yet there is limited evidence on their effectiveness. Moreover, there is a lack of culturally relevant, psychometrically validated tools to assess disaster preparedness among nurses in non-Western contexts.
objectivesThis study aimed to develop and validate the Disaster Drills Effectiveness Questionnaire (DDEQ) as a culturally sensitive instrument for assessing the knowledge and skills of emergency nurses participating in disaster drills in Saudi Arabia.
methodsA three-phase, cross-sectional design guided the development and validation of the DDEQ. Phase 1 involved item generation through literature review, expert input, and a two-round Delphi process, yielding a 28-item scale across two domains: knowledge and skills. Phase 2 focused on scale development and content validation (S-CVI/Ave > 0.90). A pilot study with 19 nurses assessed clarity and feasibility. Phase 3 involved psychometric testing using Exploratory Factor Analysis (n = 303) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (n = 302), followed by reliability and validity analyses.
resultsExploratory factor analysis supported a two-factor structure (knowledge and skills), accounting for 67.65% of total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated excellent model fit (χ²/df = 1.735, RMSEA = 0.049, CFI = 0.968, TLI = 0.963). Internal consistency was high (Cronbach's α = 0.977), with test-retest reliability (r = 0.747, p < 0.001) confirming temporal stability. Convergent and discriminant validity were established (AVE > 0.60, HTMT < 0.90). The DDEQ effectively captures emergency nurses' disaster preparedness based on participation in disaster drills.
conclusionThe DDEQ is a valid and reliable tool for evaluating the effectiveness of disaster drills in enhancing emergency nurses' knowledge and skills. It offers a practical framework for healthcare institutions, educators, and policymakers to assess and improve disaster preparedness among nursing professionals. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.
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