Design of a plasmonic optical biosensor based on a metal-insulator-metal ring resonator for the detection of various bacterial pathogens.

Ali Khodaie, Yousef Rafighirani, Hamid Heidarzadeh, Javad Javidan

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

1citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

Next-generation COVID-19 detection using a metasurface biosensor with machine learning-enhanced refractive index sensing.Scientific reports · 2025
Article

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Ali KhodaieDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.

Yousef RafighiraniDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.

Hamid HeidarzadehDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. heidarzadeh@uma.ac.ir.

Javad JavidanDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Rapid and sensitive detection of pathogenic bacteria is essential for healthcare, food safety, and environmental monitoring. However, conventional detection techniques often fall short in terms of the speed and sensitivity required for real-time applications. In this study, we propose a label-free plasmonic optical biosensor based on a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) dual-ring resonator structure for the efficient detection of bacterial species. The sensor geometry was optimized using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and evaluated through three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (3D-FDTD) simulations to enhance both sensitivity and figure of merit (FOM). Gold nanorings integrated with a gold back reflector were employed due to their superior plasmonic resonance characteristics. The optimized design achieved a sensitivity of 324.76 nm·RIU

Indexed as

BacteriaBiosensing TechniquesSurface Plasmon ResonanceEquipment DesignEscherichia coliGoldLimit of DetectionMetalsGoldMetalsBacteriaMIM resonator ringsOptical biosensorSensitivity

Identifiers

PMID40596579

DOI10.1038/s41598-025-07331-9

PMCPMC12215868

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata

LicenceCC BY-NC-ND

Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.