Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40596234›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2025

Two-photon polymerization based 4D printing of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel microarchitectures for reversible shape morphing.

Ebrahim Yarali, Ayman Ahmed Mubeen, Kai Cussen, Lennart van Zanten, Vahid Moosabeiki, Amir A Zadpoor, Angelo Accardo, Mohammad J Mirzaali

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In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Ebrahim YaraliDepartment of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands. E.yarali@tudelft.nl.
Ayman Ahmed MubeenDepartment of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands.
Kai CussenDepartment of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands.
Lennart van ZantenDepartment of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands.
Vahid MoosabeikiDepartment of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands.
Amir A ZadpoorDepartment of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands.
Angelo Accardo *Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands. A.Accardo@tudelft.nl.
Mohammad J Mirzaali *Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands. M.J.Mirzaali@tudelft.nl.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Incorporating shape-morphing capability into 3D microprinting enables the fabrication of 4D-printed microarchitectures as proof-of-concept actuators for potential use in soft robotics and microfluidic systems. The ability of these 3D microstructures to actuate rapidly and reversibly enables precise, non-invasive, and controllable deformation. In this study, we investigated the programmable shape-morphing behavior of 3D microarchitectures fabricated using two-photon polymerization (2PP) of a well-established temperature-responsive hydrogel, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM). We first systematically studied how 2PP 3D printing parameters (e.g., laser power, scanning speed) and the chemical composition of pNIPAM, including monomer and crosslinker, influence the shape morphing of bilayer microstructures within a temperature range of ~ 32 °C to 60 °C. The (thermo)mechanical properties of the hydrogels, including the Young's modulus, thermal expansion coefficients, and angular deflection, were also measured at different laser doses and temperatures. Based on these experimental measurements, we calibrated a thermomechanical model capable of predicting the shape morphing of 4D-printed microarchitectures. These microarchitectures served as proof-of-concept actuators, demonstrating the potential of programmable microscale soft robotics and microfluidic systems. The findings provide design guidelines for engineering stimuli-responsive 3D microstructures, highlighting limitations and opportunities for future integration into functional soft robotic or microfluidic systems made of a single material.

Indexed as

4D MicroprintingShape morphingSoft actuatorsTemperature-responsive hydrogelsTwo-photon polymerization

Identifiers

PMID40596234
PMCPMC12215082

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.