ArticleScientific reports2025
Antiviral and anti-inflammatory efficacy of nanoencapsulated brazilian green propolis against SARS-CoV-2.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Storage-Induced Changes in Phenolic Profile and Antioxidant Capacity of Functional Blueberry Beverages Enriched With Propolis.Food science & nutrition · 2026Article
- A Review of the Progress in the Microbial Biosynthesis of Prenylated Aromatic Compounds.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The global COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, continues to pose a significant threat to public health and the economy. SARS-CoV-2 is highly contagious, transmitted primarily through direct contact or inhalation of droplets, and can cause severe respiratory illnesses and other health complications, including post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. This study explored the antiviral potential of Brazilian green propolis, a natural product rich in flavonoids and phenolic compounds encapsulated in a microemulsion, to enhance its stability and antiviral effects. Brazilian green propolis extract was encapsulated in a microemulsion (ME-GP) and characterized using various physicochemical techniques. Furthermore, the antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities of ME-GP was evaluated in vitro and ex-vivo against SARS-CoV-2. For this, cells or tonsils were treated with ME-GP followed by infection with SARS-CoV-2. The microemulsion showed a size of approximately 217 nm, negative zeta potential, high encapsulation efficiency for artepillin C and baccharin (< 99%), and a spherical morphology. The ME-GP formulation was evaluated for antiviral activity against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants (Wuhan, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron) in Caco-2 cells. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in viral load, particularly for the Wuhan and Delta variants, with up to a 99% reduction in viral load under prophylactic treatment conditions. Time-of-addition assays revealed that ME-GP acts at an early stage in the viral life cycle, likely by interfering with viral entry or immediate post-entry events. Additionally, ME-GP was evaluated in human tonsils, demonstrating an 80% reduction in viral load, suggesting its potential to reduce the transmission and progression of infection. Furthermore, ME-GP exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in human tonsils, significantly decreasing IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and TNF-β levels. Thus, this study highlights the promising prophylactic and therapeutic potential of nanoencapsulated green propolis for combating SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, providing a natural adjunct in COVID-19 therapy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.