ArticleScientific reports2025
Applied anatomy and morphology of Meibomian glands in the non-human primate.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Research progress in animal models of dry eye disease: Types, mechanisms, and application prospects.Animal models and experimental medicine · 2026Review
- Applied Anatomical and Morphological Characterization of the Ocular Surface of the African Spiny Mice: Acomys cahirinus.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is a common ocular condition that has been estimated to affect ~ 10 to 55.4% of the global population. Symptoms of DED include eye irritation, ocular pain and discomfort, inflammation, and photophobia, and, if left untreated, can lead to infection, corneal neuropathy, corneal scarring and impaired vision. Studies have shown that over 70% of all DED cases are caused by some form of Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). To date the etiology of MGD remains unknown, therefore, there is a need for further research into understanding the development, homeostasis and pathology of the Meibomian gland (MG). Various animal models, such as, the murine, rabbit and canine models, have provided valuable insights into the physiopathology of MGD, however, there are many limitations when comparing these models to human MGD. The nonhuman primate (NHP) model is closely related to humans and develops many diseases comparable to humans. This study aimed to characterize the anatomy and morphology of the NHP Macaca mulatta MGs compared to humans. MGs were analyzed by whole mount imaging and histology in the eyelids of NHPs of various ages ranging from ~ 3 months to 12 years. NHPs presented serially arranged MGs within the upper and lower tarsal plate with similar gland morphology to that of humans. Curiously, in the upper lid, the centrally located glands presented a distal portion that is thinner than the remaining glands, with meibocytes directly lining the central collecting duct instead of forming acinar structures. MG atrophy and drop-out were evident in both upper and lower eyelids of NHPs from 6 years of age, increasing in severity with age. Both MG tortuosity and hooking were observed in the NHPs at all ages, being more prevalent in the lower eyelids than in the upper eyelids. Taken together, our findings show that the NHP could be a valuable model for studying MG development, homeostasis and pathology, including Age Related MGD (ARMGD).
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.