Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40594447›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2025

Effects of piperine on intestinal permeation, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of insulin loaded chitosan coated solid lipid nanoparticles in rats.

Indu Raghunath, Marina Koland, Suprit D Saoji, Sarad Pawar Naik Bukke, N Shridhar Deshpande, Varsha Augustin, Nilesh Rarokar, Chandrashekar Thalluri

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
18citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
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  5. IL-22/IL-22R signaling attenuates mitochondrial damage in PCOS by modulating granulosa cell lipid metabolism through ETS1.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2026
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Indu Raghunath *Department of Pharmaceutics, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India.
Marina KolandDepartment of Pharmaceutics, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India. marinakol@nitte.edu.in.
Suprit D Saoji *Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440033, India.
Sarad Pawar Naik BukkeDepartment of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Kampala International University, Western Campus, P.O. Box 71, Ishaka, Bushenyi, Uganda. drsaradpawar@kiu.ac.ug.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5693-2953
N Shridhar DeshpandeDepartment of Pharmaceutics, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India.
Varsha AugustinNGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, NUCARE, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India.
Nilesh RarokarDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440033, India.
Chandrashekar ThalluriFaculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam down town University (AdtU), Guwahati, Assam, 781026, India.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The oral administration of insulin offers significant clinical benefits due to its simplicity. This study evaluated piperine's efficacy in improving insulin's intestinal absorption in Wistar rats. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that prolonged retention of insulin-loaded chitosan-coated solid lipid nanoparticles (Ch-In-SLNs) on intestinal mucosa was due to chitosan's mucoadhesive properties. These studies also revealed Ch-In-SLNs permeation in rat intestinal segments. Piperine enhanced the permeation of insulin-loaded nanoparticles, with more particles transported into deeper intestinal layers. The study assessed Ch-In-SLNs with piperine administered orally to diabetic rats. The formulated SLN's effectiveness was evaluated in vivo in overnight-fasted Wistar rats. Male Wistar rats (n = 5) were divided into 8 groups, with the first as diabetic control, and others receiving various treatments, including blank SLN, oral insulin solution (25 IU/kg), subcutaneous (SC) insulin (5 IU/kg), and insulin nanoformulations (25 IU/kg and 50 IU/kg with and without piperine, respectively). Ch-In-SLN with piperine showed a statistically significant reduction (p < 0.05) in blood glucose levels in streptozotocin-induced (STZ) diabetic rats compared to SLNs without piperine and SC insulin. The Ch-In-SLN with piperine formulation demonstrated a noteworthy correlation between pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD). This approach could replace traditional insulin injections and mitigate associated side effects, simplifying insulin therapy.

Indexed as

AlkaloidsBenzodioxolesChitosanDiabetes Mellitus, ExperimentalInsulinIntestinal AbsorptionLipidsNanoparticlesPiperidinesPolyunsaturated AlkamidesAdministration, OralAnimalsBlood GlucoseDrug CarriersHypoglycemic AgentsIntestinal MucosaAlkaloidsBenzodioxolesBlood GlucoseChitosanDrug CarriersHypoglycemic AgentsInsulinLipid NanoparticlesLipidsLiposomesPiperidinespiperinePolyunsaturated AlkamidesDiabetesInsulinIn vivoPermeation enhancerPiperineSolid lipid nanoparticlesStreptozotocinWistar rats

Identifiers

PMID40594447
PMCPMC12218416

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.