Efficient design of automated guided vehicle systems in operating theatres via discrete events simulation.

The integration of Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) into healthcare facilities has demonstrated significant benefits, particularly in environments with high internal transportation volumes. Research indicates the implementation of AGVs in hospital settings could save medical staff approximately 23% of their daily time, which could then be redirected towards direct patient care. This study aims to develop a framework for the efficient design of AGV systems deployed in existing operating theatres (OTs). A discrete events simulation (DES) model was developed for policy and operational challenges to AGV deployment in an existing OT complex. The DES model facilitates the evaluation of various AGV system configurations, which include different surgical instrument assortment algorithms, fleet sizes, and restocking frequencies. To determine the most efficient design of the AGV system in OTs, relative efficiency across design alternatives were evaluated with the super-efficiency data envelopment analysis (S-DEA). This approach yielded a composite efficiency score that reflects multiple, often conflicting, design objectives. Our findings suggest efficiency gains are notably substantial in scenarios of higher demand, particularly when an enhanced instrument assortment algorithm is employed alongside an increased number of AGVs. The DES model provided practical insights and recommendations for the design and deployment of AGV systems in OTs.