Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40594162›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2025

Burden and risk factors of premature drowning mortality in 204 countries and territories, 1980-2021.

Yunfei Liu, Dongmei Luo, Panliang Zhong, Jiajia Dang, Di Shi, Shan Cai, Ziyue Chen, Mohammad Fayaz, Pugazhenthan Thangaraju, Jun Ma and 3 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Observational
  2. Article
  3. Staying Afloat: A Scoping Review of the Literature on Adapted Swim Instruction.The American journal of occupational therapy : official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Yunfei LiuInstitute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
Dongmei LuoDepartment of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
Panliang ZhongChinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, No.31, Beijing Pavilion Three, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China.
Jiajia DangInstitute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
Di ShiInstitute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
Shan CaiInstitute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
Ziyue ChenInstitute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
Mohammad FayazHealth and Social Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
Pugazhenthan ThangarajuAll India Institute of Medical Sciences, Tatibandh, G.E. Road, Raipur, C.G, 492099, India.
Jun MaInstitute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
Zhiyong ZouInstitute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China. harveyzou2002@bjmu.edu.cn.
Yi SongInstitute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China. songyi@bjmu.edu.cn.
Susan M SawyerDepartment of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.

Funding

national natural science fundation of China 82073573national natural science fundation of China 82273654
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Drowning ranks as the third leading cause of unintentional injury deaths globally. We conducted a systematic analysis of drowning mortality and its associated risk factors. Data on mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), and risk factors related to drowning (ICD-10 codes W65-74) from 204 countries and territories between 1980 and 2021 were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease 2021. Countries and territories were classified into five Socio-demographic Index (SDI) groups. The age-period-cohort (APC) model was used to estimate the effects of age, period, and cohort, along with the net drift, which reflects the annual percentage change over the study period. We additionally examined drowning mortality attributable to three risk factors: high alcohol use, high temperature, and occupational injuries. Globally, an estimated 233 906 premature deaths and 15.0 million YLLs were related to drowning in 2021, marking a 54.5% and 66.2% reduction, respectively, compared to 1980. The global age-standardised mortality rate (ASMR) also declined substantially from 11.09 per 100 000 in 1980 to 3.16 per 100 000 in 2021. Low-middle and low SDI countries exhibited the highest ASMR for drowning (3.81 and 4.47 per 100 000), nearly four times higher than high SDI countries (0.99 per 100 000). Encouragingly, certain countries like China (net drift: - 2.54%) and India (- 1.75%) demonstrated significant progress. From 1990 to 2021, the ASMR of drowning mortality attributable to high temperature or occupational injuries exhibited declining trends. Conversely, the ASMR attributable to high alcohol use showed an increasing trend in some middle, low-middle, and low SDI countries. Despite substantial reductions, drowning remains a significant contributor to premature mortality, particularly in middle, low-middle, and low SDI countries. As most premature drowning deaths are linked to preventable and modifiable risk factors, targeted strategies addressing these factors are essential to further reduce these fatalities.

Indexed as

DrowningMortality, PrematureAdolescentAdultAgedChildChild, PreschoolFemaleGlobal Burden of DiseaseGlobal HealthHumansInfantInfant, NewbornMaleMiddle AgedRisk FactorsAge-period-cohort analysisDrowningGlobal burden of diseasePremature mortalityRisk factor

Identifiers

PMID40594162
PMCPMC12216357

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.