Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40593884›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2025

Human and ecological health risks from heavy metal contamination in groundwater aquifers.

Nusrat Ehsan, Agha Dawood, Fajar Waheed, Rabiya Nasir, Nazih Y Rebouh, Syeda Itrat Rizvi, Amina Muzamil, Qamar Uz Zaman

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Nusrat EhsanLahore Business School, The University of Lahore, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan. nusrat.ehsan@lbs.uol.edu.pk.
Agha DawoodDepartment of Environmental Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.
Fajar WaheedDepartment of Environmental Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.
Rabiya NasirDepartment of Environmental Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.
Nazih Y RebouhDepartment of Environmental Management, Institute of Environmental Engineering, RUDN University, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, Moscow, 117198, Russia.
Syeda Itrat RizviDepartment of Chemistry, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan.
Amina MuzamilLahore Business School, The University of Lahore, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.
Qamar Uz ZamanDepartment of Environmental Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan. qamar.zaman1@envs.uol.edu.pk.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Landfills are the most commonly used Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) disposal method in the world. However, poorly engineered open landfill sites pose significant environmental threats, particularly groundwater contamination from leachate infiltration. In alignment with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), SDG 3- Good Health and well-being, Goal 6- Clean water and sanitation (SDG#5), this study conducts a comprehensive hydro-chemical assessment of twenty-four (24) groundwater samples extracted across four georeferenced zones surrounding Sialkot landfill sites, Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 22 physicochemical parameters were analyzed. Findings reveal non-compliance with Punjab Environmental Quality Standards (PEQs) and WHO drinking water guidelines. Elevated heavy metal concentrations- Chromium (Cr), Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), and Nickel (Ni) exceeded safe thresholds in all zones, while Cyanide (CN), Manganese (Mn), and Copper (Cu) remained within limits. Metal concentration order was observed as Mg > Zn > Cu > Fe > Pb > Cr > Mn > Ni > CN. Geo-accumulation factor and ecological risk index flagged Zone 1 as critically impacted, particularly by Cr and Ni. Fe levels remained constantly lower than 1 mgL

Indexed as

GroundwaterMetals, HeavyWater Pollutants, ChemicalDrinking WaterEnvironmental MonitoringHumansPakistanRisk AssessmentDrinking WaterMetals, HeavyWater Pollutants, ChemicalContaminationGroundwaterHealth riskIngestionLeachingPollutionSolid wasteSustainable development goalsToxic heavy metals

Identifiers

PMID40593884
PMCPMC12217644

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.