Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40592824›Full record

ArticleNature communications2025

A biomimetic multi-component subunit vaccine via ratiometric loading of hierarchical hydrogels.

Fanfan Du, Simseok A Yuk, Yuan Qian, El Hadji Arona Mbaye, Michael P Vincent, Sharan Bobbala, Tirzah M Abbott, Hyeohn Kim, Yang Li, Haoyu Li and 3 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
  3. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Fanfan Du *Department of Biomedical Engineering, NanoSTAR Institute, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5374-4087
Simseok A Yuk *Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6610-4940
Yuan Qian *Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3967-7727
El Hadji Arona MbayeDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
Michael P VincentDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
Sharan BobbalaDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0740-330X
Tirzah M AbbottNorthwestern University Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Experimental Center, Evanston, IL, USA.
Hyeohn KimDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
Yang LiDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6286-0052
Haoyu LiDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
Sijia YiDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
Baofu QiaoDepartment of Natural Sciences, Baruch College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8870-5985
Evan A ScottDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, NanoSTAR Institute, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA. evan.scott@virginia.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8945-2892

Funding

Tumor Environment and Metastasis (TEAM) Research ProgramP30CA060553 · NCI · NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY AT CHICAGO · PI Daniela E Matei · 1993 to 2026
$153.9M
A universal multi-drug encapsulation and delivery system employing supramolecular nanogels that self-assemble via dynamic sulfone bondingR01EB030629 · NIBIB · NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY · PI SCOTT, EVAN ALEXANDER · 2021 to 2024
$1.8M
NCI NIH HHS P30 CA060553NIBIB NIH HHS R01 EB030629U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH) 1R01EB030629-01A1
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The development of subunit vaccines that mimic the molecular complexity of attenuated vaccines has been limited by the difficulty of intracellular co-delivery of multiple chemically diverse payloads at controllable concentrations. We report on hierarchical hydrogel depots employing simple poly(propylene sulfone) homopolymers to enable ratiometric loading of a protein antigen and four physicochemically distinct adjuvants in a hierarchical manner. The optimized vaccine consisted of immunostimulants either adsorbed to or encapsulated within nanogels, which were capable of noncovalent anchoring to subcutaneous tissues. In female BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice, these 5-component nanogel vaccines demonstrated enhanced humoral and cell-mediated immune responses compared to formulations with standard single adjuvant and antigen pairing. The use of a single simple homopolymer capable of rapid and stable loading and intracellular delivery of diverse molecular cargoes holds promise for facile development and optimization of scalable subunit vaccines and complex therapeutic formulations for a wide range of biomedical applications.

Indexed as

BiomimeticsHydrogelsVaccines, SubunitAdjuvants, VaccineAnimalsAntigensFemaleMiceMice, Inbred BALB CMice, Inbred C57BLNanogelsAdjuvants, VaccineAntigensHydrogelsNanogelsVaccines, Subunit

Identifiers

PMID40592824
PMCPMC12218367

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.