ArticlePloS one2025
Understanding the interaction of upper respiratory tract infection with respiratory syncytial virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae using a human challenge model: a multicenter, randomized controlled study protocol.
Article in PloS one, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- An Appraisal of the Potential Downstream Benefits of RSV Vaccination in Older Adults.Reviews in medical virology · 2026Review
- Innate airway responses shape permissiveness to human respiratory syncytial virus.Virus research · 2026Article
- Harnessing controlled human infection models to accelerate vaccine development for neglected tropical diseases: Lessons from leishmaniasis.European journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
- Hidden burden of pneumococcal colonization in adults with viral respiratory infections: the role of influenza and RSV.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
31 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundStreptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are major causes of respiratory infections globally. Viral and bacterial co-infections are commonly observed in respiratory infections and there is evidence that these pathogens interact synergistically to evade host responses and lead to more severe disease. Notably, RSV seasonal outbreaks are associated with increased hospitalization and a subsequent peak in invasive pneumococcal disease cases, particularly in pediatric populations. Here, we summarize a protocol for a controlled human infection model aiming to evaluate pathogen interaction dynamics and immune responses in a combined pneumococcus and RSV model. The primary objective is to determine whether primary RSV challenge increases the risk of secondary pneumococcal colonization.
methodsThis is an open-label, multi-center, randomized controlled human co-infection study, inclusive of a pilot phase. Individuals will be randomized to primary inoculation with either pneumococcus (serotype 6B) or RSV (subtype RSV-A) intra-nasally on day 0 followed by a reciprocal challenge on day 7. During pilot phase A up to 10 participants will be monitored in an in-patient facility for 7-10 days following RSV-A challenge. If there are no safety concerns, we will then progress to an outpatient phase where participants will self-isolate at home. Clinical samples to be taken from participants include nasal swabs and washes for pathogen detection; and nasal cells, nasal lining fluid, and blood samples to examine mucosal and systemic immune responses. DISCUSSION: This work will lead to important scientific knowledge on the interaction and dynamics between pneumococcus and RSV. This knowledge could help inform pneumococcal and RSV vaccination strategies, particularly for groups at risk of developing severe pneumococcal and RSV disease.
trial registrationThe study is registered on ISRCTN (The UKs Clinical Study Registry). DOI https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN12036902.
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