ArticleACS nano2025
Mature Dendritic Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles are Potent Mucosal Adjuvants for Influenza Hemagglutinin Vaccines.
Article in ACS nano, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Review
- mRNA Vaccines for Influenza: Hope for a Universal Vaccine?BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy · 2026Review
- Article
- Membrane-derived biomimetic nanovesicles in anti-tumor immunotherapy: Advances and outlook.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- Bioengineering of extracellular vesicles with scaffold proteins for drug delivery.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Extracellular vesicles as new-age vaccine carriers: a focused account on viral diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Immunocyte-derived extracellular vesicles in osteoimmunology: mechanisms, disease contexts, and translational prospects.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Immune cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) possess intrinsic immunomodulatory properties, making them potential vaccine adjuvants. Here, we show that EVs from mature bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (mDC-EVs), rather than those from immature dendritic cells (imDC-EVs), are potent mucosal adjuvants for influenza hemagglutinin (HA) vaccines. In vitro, mDC-EVs exhibited intriguing immune-stimulating effects on various antigen-presenting cells, including DCs, macrophages, and B cells. Furthermore, intranasal immunization with mDC-EVs-adjuvanted A/Aichi/2/1968 (H3N2) HA (H3+mDC-EVs) significantly enhanced and expanded both systemic and mucosal antibody and cellular immune responses in female Balb/c mice. These responses offered complete protection against bodyweight loss following homologous and heterologous virus challenges. Mechanistically, H3+mDC-EVs immunization promoted enhanced airway immune cell recruitment, distinct antigen cellular uptake, and rapid activation of B and T cells within 24 h. It also induced robust germinal center reactions and antigen-experienced memory T-cell responses in lung-draining mediastinal lymph nodes 14 days postimmunization. Given their biocompatibility and solid adjuvanticity, mDC-EVs represent a promising adjuvant candidate for mucosal vaccine development.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.