ReviewFrontiers in immunology2025
Brain-derived blood biomarkers in multiple sclerosis-current trends and beyond.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Serum miRNA-155 and TREM2 as Non-Invasive Biomarkers for Monitoring Neuroinflammation and Disease Activity in Multiple Sclerosis.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Do apelin and ghrelin play a role in multiple sclerosis? The analysis of patients treated with immunomodulatory therapies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Profiling extracellular vesicles from cerebrospinal fluid for classification of intradural spinal tumors.Scientific reports · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the nervous system and a main cause of neurological disability in young adults. Most disease-modifying therapies are administrated as long-term maintenance therapies and may, thereby, increase the risk of infections and other immune-mediated side effects. In the last years, several cerebrospinal fluid and soluble blood biomarkers have been suggested as potential key tools for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring of MS. Recently, the specific ability of brain-derived blood extracellular vesicles (EVs) that cross the blood-brain barrier into the bloodstream, reflecting the current immune status of the central nervous system, has kindled interest as potential biomarkers. In this review, we discuss the current trends of clinical brain-derived blood biomarkers, with a special focus on the emerging role of brain-derived blood EVs in MS.
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Registered trials
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