Elucidating the Complex Etiology of Schizophrenia: Comprehensive Insights into the Therapeutic Roles of Natural Compounds and Pharmacological Interventions.

Schizophrenia (SCZ) remains a captivating mental disorder marked by complex symptomatology. Despite the success of the current therapeutic options for psychosis, a definitive cure remains elusive. Hence, this review explores mechanisms underlying SCZ pathophysiology, examining their potential as novel therapeutic targets. This is a narrative review of literature that has been critically analyzed following retrieval from PubMed, PubMed Central, and Google Scholar. Nearly 30% of patients of SCZ show no response to firstand second-generation antipsychotic drugs and continue to suffer from cognitive and negative symptoms, including medication-induced adverse effects. Apart from the social and environmental factors, SCZ has been strongly linked to epigenetic factors and alterations in protein expression. Epigenetic modifications include histone modification and DNA methylation. Epigenetic alterations gained through environmental factors, known as molecular scars, also influence, to some extent, the brain functions throughout the life span of a human being. Epigenetic mechanisms are now recognized as significant contributors to the development and progression of SCZ. Epigenetics is critical in SCZ etiology through DNA methylation and histone modification. Herbal medicines offer promise by targeting genetic and epigenetic pathways, albeit with safety concerns. These approaches offer potential as supplementary therapies alongside conventional treatments or alternative preventive measures. By thoroughly investigating these methods, we may uncover new possibilities in SCZ care, ultimately paving the path for more effective and holistic therapeutic approaches.