ArticleJournal of general internal medicine2026
Prescribing GLPs for Obesity Treatment for Adults at a University Based Health Maintenance Organization by Race, Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Status.
Article in Journal of general internal medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundWhile glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dual glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor/GIP agonists (GLPs) have revolutionized the treatment of obesity, national data shows Black patients, Hispanic patients, and patients of lower socioeconomic status are less likely to receive anti-obesity medications.
objectiveTo assess the association between Black race, Hispanic ethnicity, and low socioeconomic status on GLP prescription receipt for adults in a university-based staff model health maintenance organization (HMO).
designCross-sectional study using electronic health record data.
participantsAdults (≥ 18 years) enrolled in Yale Health with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 27 kg/m2 with at least one obesity-related condition or BMI ≥ 30 kg/m MAIN MEASURES: The main outcome measure was receipt of a GLP prescription for obesity treatment, including subcutaneous liraglutide, semaglutide, or tirzepatide. Main independent variables of interest included self-reported race (Asian, Black, White, Other, and Missing), ethnicity (Hispanic, non-Hispanic), and area deprivation index (ADI) quintile. Three logistic regression models examined the association of race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status on prescription receipt: 1) an unadjusted model, 2) an adjusted model for age, sex, and clinical characteristics, and 3) an adjusted model with socioeconomic status. KEY
resultsAmong 6,225 eligible patients, 1,143 (18.3%) were prescribed a GLP. Black patients (21.5%) and Hispanic (23.1%) patients had higher prevalence of prescriptions compared to White patients (17.5%; p < 0.001) and non-Hispanic patients (18.1%; p < 0.001). In adjusted models, Black patients (OR = 0.94 [0.78-1.13]) and lowest ADI quintile patients (OR = 0.87 [0.65-1.16]) did not have statistically different odds of receiving a GLP prescription compared to White patients and the highest ADI quintile patients. Hispanic patients had slightly increased adjusted odds of prescription receipt compared to non-Hispanic patients (OR = 1.27 [1.00-1.63]).
conclusionsIn a university-based staff model HMO, there were no disparities in receipt of GLP prescriptions for obesity across racial, ethnic, or socioeconomic groups.
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