ArticleJournal of water and health2025
Spatial distribution and determinants of unimproved sources of drinking water among Somali households: spatial and multilevel analysis using nationwide survey data.
Article in Journal of water and health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Bridging the Information Gap: A Spatial and Multilevel Analysis of Exposure to Family Planning Messages Among Women in Somaliland (SLHDS 2020).Women's health reports (New Rochelle, N.Y.)Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
Access to safe drinking water, vital for public health, is critical in fragile Somalia, prone to water scarcity due to poor management. This study investigates spatial distribution and determinants of unimproved drinking water sources in Somali households. Using 2020 Somalia Health and Demographic Survey (SHDS) data, a mixed-methods approach included: descriptive statistics for prevalence; multilevel binary logistic regression identifying factors (individual, household, community) in unimproved water reliance; and spatial analysis (Moran's I, Gi*) for patterns, hotspots. Results reveal significant disparities: 54.7% of poorest households used unimproved sources versus 2.6% of wealthiest. Abandoned household headship showed 65% higher odds (AOR = 1.653) of using unimproved sources. Radio ownership reduced odds (AOR = 0.836). Banaadir region (AOR = 6.571 vs Awdal) and nomadic communities (AOR = 31.91) faced substantially higher odds. Higher community literacy surprisingly increased odds (AOR = 2.443). Significant spatial autocorrelation (Moran's I = 0.278, p<0.05) was identified, with northern hotspots and southwestern cold spots of unimproved water use. Individual, household, community, and spatial factors influence access to unimproved drinking water in Somalia, revealing profound socio-economic, geographic inequities. Targeted, context-specific interventions are crucial to address these disparities, improve safe water access, and help achieve SDG 6.
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