Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40585908›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in oral health2025

Education- and income-based inequalities of functional dentition by dental service utilization.

Anna Rachel Dos Santos Soares, Carlos Antonio Gomes da Cruz, Maria Luíza Viana Fonseca, Líria Sheila Chamane, Loliza Luiz Figueiredo Houri Chalub, Raquel Conceição Ferreira

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Article in Frontiers in oral health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
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  3. Article
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  5. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Anna Rachel Dos Santos SoaresDepartment of Social and Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Carlos Antonio Gomes da CruzDepartment of Social and Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Maria Luíza Viana FonsecaDepartment of Social and Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Líria Sheila ChamaneDepartment of Social and Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Loliza Luiz Figueiredo Houri ChalubDepartment of Social and Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Raquel Conceição FerreiraDepartment of Social and Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Introduction: This study analyzed the magnitude of education- and income-based inequalities in functional dentition (FD) among Brazilian adults between 2013 and 2019, considering dental service utilization. Methods: This study based on repeated cross-sectional surveys using secondary data from a probabilistic sample of adults (18-59 years old) who participated in the 2013 and 2019 National Health Survey (NHS). Only individuals who reported having used dental services were included. FD was defined as having ≥21 teeth, based on self-reported tooth loss in the maxillary and mandibular arches. Variables included sex, age, education (years of study), and per capita family income (measured in minimum wages). Dental service utilization was assessed using the question "When was the last time you visited a dentist?" with responses dichotomized into ">1 year" and "≤1 year". Absolute and relative inequalities in FD were assessed using the slope index of inequality (SII) and the relative index of inequality (RII), respectively, based on education and income. Generalized linear models (log-binomial regression) were applied with a logarithmic link function to estimate RII (rate ratios) and an identity link function to estimate SII (rate differences), adjusting for sex and age. Trends between 2013 and 2019 and differences in SII and RII by dental service utilization were assessed through two-way interaction terms in the models. All analyses accounted for the survey's complex sampling design and sample weights. Results: The prevalence of FD was 85.95% (2013) and 89.45% (2019) ( Conclusions: Despite the reduction in FD education-based inequality in Brazil, persistent disparities were observed between socioeconomic groups, with the lowest inequalities found among adults who used dental services ≤1 year. This indicates the importance of interventions aimed at reducing barriers and promoting access to services for the most vulnerable populations.

Indexed as

adultsfacilities and services utilizationhealthcare disparitieshealth inequality monitoringoral healthtooth loss

Identifiers

PMID40585908
PMCPMC12202351

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.