ArticleFood science & nutrition2025
Dietary Creatine and Hydration Biomarkers in the General Population: NHANES 1999-2023.
Article in Food science & nutrition, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Real-world creatine supplementation: a large-scale cross-sectional study of use, knowledge, and experiences.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2026Article
- Dietary Creatine and Hydration Biomarkers in the General Population: NHANES 1999-2023.Food science & nutrition · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Creatine is widely recognized for its performance-enhancing and neuroprotective properties; however, its impact on hydration status at the population level remains poorly understood. This study investigated the relationship between dietary creatine intake and hydration biomarkers in a nationally representative sample derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Data from the biannual 1999 and 2023 NHANES cycles were harmonized and analyzed, including dietary recall data and hydration biomarkers such as plasma osmolality, urine specific gravity (USG), total body water (TBW), intracellular fluid (ICF), and extracellular fluid (ECF) volumes. Valid data on dietary creatine intake were obtained from 98,681 participants, with serum osmolality measured in 69,144 individuals, fluid volumes assessed in 12,369, and USG evaluated in 6274 respondents. Total daily dietary creatine intake was expressed in milligrams per kilogram of body mass and categorized into quantiles. Associations were evaluated using multivariate regression models, adjusted for potential confounders, including gender, age, daily intake of caffeine, alcohol, sodium, water, protein, and total caloric intake. Both the lowest and highest creatine intake quantiles were significantly associated with altered plasma osmolality levels and an increased prevalence of hypoosmolality (
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