Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40584822›Full record

ArticleObesity pillars2025

Nutritional deficiencies and muscle loss in adults with type 2 diabetes using GLP-1 receptor agonists: A retrospective observational study.

W Scott Butsch, Suela Sulo, Andrew T Chang, Jeeyun A Kim, Kirk W Kerr, Dominique R Williams, Refaat Hegazi, Thadchaigeni Panchalingam, Scott Goates, Steven B Heymsfield

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In one paragraph

Article in Obesity pillars, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
44citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

44 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

W Scott ButschCleveland Clinic, Bariatric and Metabolic Institute, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
Suela SuloMedical Affairs and Research, Abbott Nutrition, 100 Abbott Park Rd, Abbott Park, IL, 60064, USA.
Andrew T ChangGlobal Data Science and Analysis, Abbott Medical Devices, 3200 Lakeside Dr, Santa Clara, CA, 95054, USA.
Jeeyun A KimGlobal Data Science and Analysis, Abbott Medical Devices, 15900 Valley View Court, Sylmar, CA, 91342, USA.
Kirk W KerrMedical Affairs and Research, Abbott Nutrition, 2900 Easton Square Pl, Columbus, OH, 43219, USA.
Dominique R WilliamsMedical Affairs and Research, Abbott Nutrition, 2900 Easton Square Pl, Columbus, OH, 43219, USA.
Refaat HegaziMedical Affairs and Research, Abbott Nutrition, 2900 Easton Square Pl, Columbus, OH, 43219, USA.
Thadchaigeni PanchalingamGlobal Data Science and Analysis, Abbott Medical Devices, 15900 Valley View Court, Sylmar, CA, 91342, USA.
Scott GoatesGlobal Data Science and Analysis, Abbott Medical Devices, 15900 Valley View Court, Sylmar, CA, 91342, USA.
Steven B HeymsfieldPennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, 640 Perkins Rd, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) drug-induced weight loss is associated with fat mass reduction but can also lead to nutritional deficiencies and loss of muscle. We quantified nutritional deficiencies in adults who had undergone GLP-1RA treatment. Methods: This was an observational, retrospective analysis of de-identified patient-level claims data from 461,382 adults newly prescribed GLP-1RAs between 7/2017 and 12/2021 with no prior diagnoses of nutritional deficiencies. While most patients had type 2 diabetes (T2DM), the population also included individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1DM), prediabetes, or no recorded diabetes diagnosis. A secondary propensity-matched analysis compared GLP-1RA users with non-users. The matched comparator cohort consisted of adults with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin but not prescribed GLP-1RAs, whereas GLP-1RA users were treated with both metformin and GLP-1RA. Nutritional deficiencies were assessed at 6 and 12 months after GLP-1RA initiation. Nutritional deficiency diagnoses or complications were compared between patients with or without a dietitian visit within a 6-months of treatment initiation. Results: Patients were mainly female (56.3 %), mean age (±SD) 52.9 (±11.7) years, with obesity (44.9 %) or overweight (5.6 %); type 2 diabetes (80.5 %) and hypertension (66.3 %) were the most common comorbidities. Nutritional deficiencies were diagnosed in 12.7 % of the patients within 6 months after GLP-1RA initiation and in 22.4 % within 12 months. Vitamin D deficiency was most common, having an incidence of 7.5 % and 13.6 % within 6 and 12 months, respectively. Recorded nutrient deficiencies or deficiency-related complications were more likely among patients with a dietitian visit within the first 6 months of GLP-1RA initiation compared to patients without a dietitian visit. Conclusion: Over 20 % had nutritional deficiencies diagnosed within one-year of starting GLP-1RA treatment. These findings highlight the importance of nutritional screening and diagnosis of deficiencies and inclusion of physician nutrition specialists, dietitians, and other nutrition care specialists in patient care.

Indexed as

DietitianGlucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonistsNutritional deficiencyObesityOverweightType 2 diabetes

Identifiers

PMID40584822
PMCPMC12205620

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.