ArticleThe world journal of men's health2026
Global Andrology Forum (GAF) Clinical Guidelines on the Management of Non-obstructive Azoospermia: Bridging the Gap between Controversy and Consensus.
Article in The world journal of men's health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed.
- Areas of Controversy and Confusion in Male Infertility: A Call for Clarity.The world journal of men's health · 2026Article
- Re-Imagining Male Infertility Guidelines through the Global Andrology Forum.The world journal of men's health · 2026Article
- Clinical Recommendations for the Management of Male Infertility: A Consensus from the Korean Society for Sexual Medicine and Andrology (KSSMA) Clinical Practice Guideline Committee.The world journal of men's health · 2026Review
- Fresh versus frozen-thawed testicular sperm for intracytoplasmic sperm injection in men with non-obstructive azoospermia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2026Review
- Analysis of the Correlation Between Circulating Cell-Free DNA (CfDNA) Levels and Serious Abnormal Sperm Parameters.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- Micro-TESE in Non-Obstructive Azoospermia: Phenotype-Guided Hormonal Optimization and Testosterone Response-Prognostic Biomarker or Therapeutic Target?Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Comment on "the FertilitY predictor under scrutiny: a call for reassessment of methodological and biological flaws".Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2026Article
- NOA masquerading as OA: Rethinking the role of testis biopsy from an East Asian perspective.Journal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA · 2026Article
- Refining the Endocrine Stratification of Non-Obstructive Azoospermia: Commentary on the Global Andrology Forum Guidelines.The world journal of men's health · 2026Article
- Endocrine stimulation in men with non-obstructive azoospermia and low serum testosterone prior to micro-TESE: hormonal response as a predictor of sperm retrieval.The Canadian journal of urology · 2026Article
- Global Andrology Forum Clinical Practice Guidelines: Because Male Reproductive Health Matters! Introducing a Novel Approach to Address Common Yet Controversial Aspects of Male Infertility.The world journal of men's health · 2026Article
- Genetic and epigenetic insights into non-obstructive azoospermia: mechanisms, biomarkers, and clinical perspectives.Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E · 2025Review
- Sertoli cells as a hub in testicular development and male reproductive.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
53 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeNon-obstructive azoospermia (NOA), defined as the absence of sperm in the ejaculate due to testicular failure, is observed in 5% to 15% of infertile men and accounts for two-thirds of azoospermia cases. The management of NOA is marked by significant controversy and global variation in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, highlighting the crucial need for well-designed and standardized clinical practice guidelines. We present comprehensive graded clinical practice recommendations and statements for diagnosing and treating NOA, aiming to establish standardized strategies that can globally help guide practitioners in their practice. MATERIALS AND
methodsA comprehensive literature review was conducted to gather evidence on the epidemiological, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects of NOA. The Global Andrology Forum (GAF) recommendations were developed through the collaboration of a global panel of experts using the Delphi method and surveys to achieve consensus. Statements were graded according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine "GRADE" classification as either "Strong" or "Weak." Statements receiving at least 80% expert consensus were graded as "Strong," while others were categorized as "Weak."
resultsThe GAF has formulated a total of 49 recommendations and statements on the diagnosis and treatment of NOA, including 21 for diagnosis and 28 for treatment. The recommendations and statements were evaluated and graded by a panel of 48 GAF experts from 25 countries worldwide. The majority of experts (60.5%) had more than 10 years of clinical experience in managing NOA.
conclusionsThe GAF guidelines address discrepancies in NOA management across diverse clinical settings and provide comprehensive graded recommendations to guide clinicians in its diagnosis and treatment. Developed and graded by a large worldwide panel of experts, the current guidelines present simplified, high-standard strategies that can be seamlessly integrated into the daily global practice, offering practitioners a clear framework for managing NOA.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.