ArticleCell reports2025
Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 T cell responses as a function of multiple COVID-19 boosters.
Article in Cell reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed.
- Cellular immune responses 12 months after fractional or standard dose BNT162b2 booster vaccination in Mongolian adults.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Trial
- SARS-CoV-2-specific immunity after XBB.1.5 vaccination is not significantly altered by subsequent influenza vaccination in dialysis patients.Scientific reports · 2026Observational
- Early innate immune signatures correlate with Ad26.COV2.S vaccine durability and protective efficacy.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Discordant Outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 Exposure in Household Contacts.Clinical immunology communications · 2026Article
- Induction of Humoral and Cellular Immunity After SARS-CoV-2 JN.1 Vaccination in Individuals With and Without Prior Infection.European journal of immunology · 2026Article
- Asymptomatic COVID-19 among university students during the low-risk transmission period.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Immunological memory to vaccines.Immunity · 2026Review
- Serial vaccination expands and refines human CD4bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Immunosenescence and cytomegalovirus-associated immune signatures on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 booster responses.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2026Article
- Informing the Value of "Boosting" Immunocompetent Adults based on Immune Responses Among US Service Members to SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Late 2024.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- HLA-E-restricted SARS-CoV-2 epitopes drive CD8Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections broaden the repertoire of Spike-reactive CD4 T cells.mBio · 2026Article
- Subunit vaccination using Atomic Layering Thermostable Antigen and Adjuvant (ALTAFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: a prospective outlook from technological innovation to clinical practice.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Circular RNA therapeutics: a new class of long-acting RNA medicines for oncology, immunology, and rare diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Article
- SARS-CoV-2 variants: biology, pathogenicity, immunity and control.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- Carbohydrate fatty acid monosulphate ester adjuvant enhances the immunogenicity of influenza antigensFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Characterization of the SARS-CoV-2-Specific T Cell Responses in Rheumatoid Arthritis Subjects Vaccinated for COVID-19 Protection.European journal of immunology · 2025Article
- Dynamic impact of bivalent COVID-19 vaccine boosters on systemic and mucosal antibody and T cell immunity.Scientific reports · 2025Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors.
Funding
Abstract
We investigate the long-term impact of repeated COVID-19 vaccinations on adaptive immunity through a 3-year study of 78 individuals without reported symptomatic infections. We observe distinct dynamics in spike-specific responses across multiple vaccine doses. While antibody levels increase and stabilize with each booster, T cell responses quickly plateau and remain stable. Notably, approximately 30% of participants show evidence suggestive of asymptomatic infections. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals a diverse and stable landscape of spike-specific T cell phenotypes without signs of exhaustion or functional impairment. Individuals with evidence of asymptomatic infection display increased frequencies of Th17-like CD4
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.