Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40580116›Full record

ArticleAmerican journal of hypertension2025

Leading Causes of Death Among US Adults With and Without Hypertension: Data From the REGARDS Study.

Kathryn Foti, Lisandro D Colantonio, Lei Huang, Timothy B Plante, Lama Ghazi, Shakia T Hardy, Emily B Levitan, Monika M Safford, Paul Muntner

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in American journal of hypertension, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Cardiovascular Risk Prediction in Older Adults.Current atherosclerosis reports · 2025
    Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Kathryn FotiDepartment of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6380-2735
Lisandro D ColantonioDepartment of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
Lei HuangDepartment of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
Timothy B PlanteDepartment of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA.
Lama GhaziDepartment of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9930-3575
Shakia T HardyDepartment of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
Emily B LevitanDepartment of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
Monika M SaffordDivision of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Paul MuntnerDepartment of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.

Funding

REGARDS - MI StudyR01HL080477 · NHLBI · WEILL MEDICAL COLL OF CORNELL UNIV · PI LEVITAN, EMILY B, SAFFORD, MONIKA M · 2006 to 2020
$11.6M
REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke-Myocardial Infarction-4 (REGARDS-MI-4)R01HL165452 · NHLBI · WEILL MEDICAL COLL OF CORNELL UNIV · PI LEVITAN, EMILY B, SAFFORD, MONIKA M · 2022 to 2025
$8.3M
National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Service R01 HL80477NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL080477NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL165452NIA NIH HHSNINDS NIH HHS
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundA substantial proportion of adults with hypertension die from causes other than cardiovascular disease (CVD), but the frequencies are unknown.

methodsWe calculated the frequency of causes of death for adults with and without hypertension using data from the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study, which enrolled non-Hispanic Black and White adults aged ≥ 45 years in 2003-2007. Participants were followed until death or 31 December 2019. Blood pressure (BP) was measured at baseline and at a follow-up examination in 2013-2016. Hypertension was defined as systolic BP ≥ 130 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥ 80 mmHg, or self-reported antihypertensive medication use, and modeled a time-varying exposure. The outcome was the adjudicated underlying cause of death, determined from all available information, including death certificates, medical records, autopsy reports, and interviews with proxies or next of kin.

resultsThere were 8,933 deaths among 23,622 participants with hypertension and 1,709 deaths among 5,744 participants without hypertension over a median 8.1 years of follow-up. Among participants who died, the most common causes of death were CVD (31.2%), cancer (22.1%), and infection (11.6%) among participants with hypertension and cancer (29.8%), CVD (23.2%), and dementia (11.8%) among participants without hypertension. Among participants with and without hypertension, the 10-year cumulative incidence was 8.2% and 3.6% for CVD mortality, respectively, 5.8% and 4.9% for cancer mortality, and 2.8% and 1.5% for infection mortality, respectively.

conclusionsAmong adults with hypertension, a majority of deaths were from non-CVD causes, including one-third of deaths from cancer and infection.

Indexed as

Blood PressureHypertensionNeoplasmsAgedAged, 80 and overAntihypertensive AgentsBlack or African AmericanCause of DeathFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedRisk AssessmentRisk FactorsTime FactorsUnited StatesAntihypertensive Agentsblood pressurecardiovascular diseasehypertensionleading causes of deathmortality

Identifiers

PMID40580116
PMCPMC12620025

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.