ArticleAndrology2026
Epidemiology of hypospadias in China: A nationwide surveillance-based study, 2010-2020.
Article in Andrology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Association between anogenital distance and hypospadias: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of pediatrics · 2026Pooled it
- A meta-analysis: postoperative prophylactic antibiotics compared with non-antibiotics for pediatric hypospadias repair.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Clinical Characteristics and Sex Hormone Levels in 323 Cases of Hypospadias With or Without Associated Malformations.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Identification of gene variants in 30 patients from southeastern China with severe hypospadias by whole-exome sequencing.Asian journal of andrology · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe prevalence of hypospadias varied internationally. However, epidemiological data on hypospadias in contemporary China remain limited.
objectivesWe aim to examine the epidemiological characteristics of hypospadias in Chinese population. MATERIALS AND
methodsWe performed a prevalence analysis using data from the Chinese Birth Defects Monitoring Network from 2010 to 2020. We analyzed the prevalence of overall, isolated, and associated hypospadias by birth year, maternal age, maternal residence, and geographic region. We used Poisson regression with adjusted prevalence rate ratios for assessing the impact of demographic characteristics and Joinpoint regression for analyzing temporal trends.
resultsA total of 11,782 hypospadias cases were identified among 11,575,036 male births with a prevalence of 10.18 per 10,000 male births. Of these, 9700 (82.3%) were isolated and 2082 (17.7%) were associated hypospadias. Of these cases, 639 (5.4%) were classified as anterior hypospadias, 1052 (8.9%) as middle hypospadias, 413 (3.5%) as proximal hypospadias, and 9678 (82.1%) as unspecified hypospadias, based on their severity. The prevalence of overall, isolated, and associated hypospadias increased significantly over the study period. Prevalence also varied significantly by maternal residence, maternal age, and geographical region. Infants with associated hypospadias experienced a significant higher risk of perinatal death. The most frequent associated anomalies involved the cardiovascular, genitourinary, and musculoskeletal systems. DISCUSSION AND
conclusionThis study provides contemporary national data on the epidemiology of hypospadias in China. The observed increasing prevalence and variations by severity underscore the need for further etiological, epidemiological, and clinical research.
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