Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40579626›Full record

ArticleCancer causes & control : CCC2025

Clinical risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in Southeast Louisiana: a matched case-control study.

Gabrielle V Gonzalez, Denise M Danos, Tekeda F Ferguson, George Therapondos, Mei-Chin Hsieh, Claudia Leonardi

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Cancer causes & control : CCC, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Gabrielle V GonzalezCommunity Health Science and Policy, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA. ggonz4@lsuhsc.edu.
Denise M DanosCommunity Health Science and Policy, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
Tekeda F FergusonEpidemiology and Population Health, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
George TherapondosMulti-Organ Transplant Institute, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
Mei-Chin HsiehEpidemiology and Population Health, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
Claudia LeonardiCommunity Health Science and Policy, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.

Funding

Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute PCORI Award RI-LPHI-01-PS1
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) incidence rates have risen in the past 30 years, and it is vital to understand the risk factors that contribute to the disease. Notably, Louisiana is experiencing higher than average rates of hepatitis C (HCV), obesity, alcohol use disorder (AUD), and poverty which are all possible risk factors for HCC. Thus, the primary objective was to assess the prevalence and effects of prominent HCC risk factors in Louisiana to support strategies for prevention and treatment in high-risk populations.

methodsThis matched 1:1 case-control study used cancer registry records and electronic health records obtained from the Louisiana Tumor Registry and Louisiana Public Health Institute's Research Action for Health Network to identify cases of invasive HCC and disease-free controls. A total of 1,389 HCC cases were matched to HCC-free controls on age, sex, race, and health system. Clinical diagnoses of risk factors were identified using International Classification of Disease diagnosis codes in the medical record for both cases and controls. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), including a model of two-way interactions.

resultsHCV was the most prominent risk factor among cases (63.4%), followed by type 2 diabetes (39.3%), alcohol use disorder (26.4%), metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD, 17.5%), and hepatitis B virus (8.9%). HCV was associated with an increased risk of HCC (OR = 192.0; 95% CI: 64.3-570), as were hepatitis B (OR = 94.1; 95% CI: 11.4-776), AUD (OR = 33.2; 95% CI: 11.4-96.7), MASLD (OR = 6.5; 95% CI: 3.2-13.2), and type 2 diabetes (OR = 2.0; 95% CI: 1.4-2.8). A significant antagonistic interaction was observed between HCV and MASLD (p = 0.002).

conclusionThis study identified highly prominent risk factors for HCC among Louisiana high-risk populations. Unfortunately, Louisiana faces several challenges regarding HCC trends and risk factors, particularly viral hepatitis, metabolic dysfunction, and alcohol use. This calls for new and innovative strategies to address risk factors and support the prevention, control, and treatment of HCC. Further insight on the novel antagonistic relationship between HCV and MASLD is necessary to understand the complex biological pathway between the two risk factors.

Indexed as

Carcinoma, HepatocellularLiver NeoplasmsAdultAgedCase-Control StudiesFemaleHepatitis CHumansLouisianaMaleMiddle AgedRegistriesRisk FactorsAlcohol useEHRHepatocellular carcinomaLiver cancerMASLDMatched case–controlViral hepatitis

Identifiers

PMID40579626

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.