Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40576873›Full record

ArticleJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2026

Risk Factors Associated to Mortality in the Indigenous Population with COVID-19 in Mexico.

Laura Flores-Cisneros, Rosaura Gutiérrez-Vargas, Carlos Escondrillas-Maya, Brenda Téllez-Flores, Gabriel García-Rodríguez, Ruy López-Ridaura, Christian Zaragoza-Jiménez, Dulce González-Islas

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Laura Flores-Cisneros *Dirección de Información Epidemiológica, Dirección General de Epidemiología, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0515-5661
Rosaura Gutiérrez-Vargas *Dirección de Información Epidemiológica, Dirección General de Epidemiología, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6836-3076
Carlos Escondrillas-MayaDirección de Información Epidemiológica, Dirección General de Epidemiología, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.
Brenda Téllez-FloresDepartamento de Vigilancia de Enfermedades de Transmisión Directa, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social - Bienestar, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.
Gabriel García-RodríguezDirección de Información Epidemiológica, Dirección General de Epidemiología, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.
Ruy López-RidauraSubsecretaría de Prevención y Promoción de La Salud, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.
Christian Zaragoza-JiménezDirección General de Información en Salud, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico. tian19808@gmail.com.
Dulce González-IslasHeart Failure and Respiratory Distress Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Cardiology ServiceCalzada de Tlalpan 4502 Col Sec XVI, Del Tlalpan, C.P. 14080, Mexico City, Mexico. gzz.dulce@gmail.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3378-1769

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, the Indigenous population in Mexico was subject to several factors that caused them to have a higher mortality risk than the non-Indigenous population. These risk factors included language barriers, poverty, comorbidities, inadequate access to health services, lack of social security, limited education, and substandard housing, inter alia. This study aims to determine the factors associated with COVID-19 mortality in the Indigenous population in Mexico. STUDY

designCohort study.

methodsThis study utilized data from the National Epidemiological Surveillance System for Viral Respiratory Disease (SISVER) collected during 2020 and 2021 to examine the population recognized as Indigenous.

resultsA total of 506,956 COVID-19 cases were reported, with 0.75% identified as Indigenous. The logistic regression assessed the combined effect of Indigenous status and each risk factor. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with or without interaction terms were reported. The identified risk factors were the following: age of > 60 years × Indigenous (aOR 9.19, CI 95% 6.38-13.2, p < 0.001); male × Indigenous (aOR 3.38, CI 95% 2.72-5.53, p < 0.001); and time from symptom onset to seeking care > 7 days × Indigenous (aOR 5.86, CI 95% 4.10-8.37, p < 0.001).

conclusionsBelonging to the Indigenous population is a significant risk factor for COVID-19 mortality in Mexico. Although both Indigenous and non-Indigenous groups share common risk factors, the combined effect of Indigenous status and each risk factor reveals greater vulnerability among the former. Significant interactions were observed with age over 60 years, sex, and delays in seeking medical care after the onset of symptoms.

Indexed as

COVID-19AdolescentAdultAgedChildChild, PreschoolCohort StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMexicoMiddle AgedRisk FactorsYoung AdultCOVID-19MortalityRisk factorsVulnerable populations

Identifiers

PMID40576873
PMCPMC13546326

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.