Comparative analysis of convolutional neural networks and traditional machine learning models for IVF live birth prediction: a retrospective analysis of 48514 IVF cycles and an evaluation of deployment feasibility in resource-constrained settings.

Objective: To evaluate the predictive performance of a convolutional neural network for analyzing electronic medical records in assisted reproductive therapy and to compare its accuracy and interpretability with traditional machine learning models. The study also explores the feasibility of deploying such models in resource-limited clinical settings. Design: Retrospective cohort study based on EMR data using five models: CNN, Naïve Bayes, Random Forest, Decision Tree, and Feedforward Neural Network. Feature importance and model interpretability were evaluated using SHAP. Setting: First Hospital of Zhengzhou University. Population: 48,514 fresh IVF cycles from August 2009 to May 2018. Methods: Preprocessed EMR data were used to train and evaluate five classification models predicting live birth outcomes. Stratified 5-fold cross-validation was performed for robust performance estimation. ROC curves and AUC values were used for comparative evaluation. Main Outcome Measure: Live birth. Results: The CNN model achieved an accuracy of 0.9394 ± 0.0013, AUC of 0.8899 ± 0.0032, precision of 0.9348 ± 0.0018, recall of 0.9993 ± 0.0012, and F1 score of 0.9660 ± 0.0007. Its performance was comparable to Random Forest (accuracy: 0.9406 ± 0.0017, AUC: 0.9734 ± 0.0012), and superior to Decision Tree, Naïve Bayes, and Feedforward Neural Network in recall and robustness. CNN demonstrated stable convergence during training, and SHAP-based interpretation highlighted maternal age, BMI, antral follicle count, and gonadotropin dosage as the top predictors for live birth outcome. Conclusions: With appropriate input transformation, CNNs can effectively model structured EMR data and offer predictive performance comparable to ensemble methods. Their scalability, high sensitivity, and interpretability make CNNs promising candidates for integration into clinical workflows, particularly in environments with limited computational resources.