ReviewVaccines2025
CAR Beyond αβ T Cells: Unleashing NK Cells, Macrophages, and γδ T Lymphocytes Against Solid Tumors.
Review in Vaccines, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Strategies and mechanisms for the enhancement of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell functions.Science China. Life sciences · 2026Pooled it
- Targeting metabolic reprogramming to enhance adoptive immunotherapy: emerging mechanisms and translational perspectives.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- CAR-engineered cell therapies: current understandings and future perspectives.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Redefining cell therapy: CAR-engineered innate immune cells to conquer solid and hematologic malignancies.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Harnessing cellular immunotherapy for cholangiocarcinoma: an integrated roadmap for overcoming resistance.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- A new era in CAR-NK cell therapy: from technological innovations to clinical applications.World journal of pediatrics : WJP · 2026Review
- Reconceptualizing glioblastoma immunotherapy: a four-pillar framework to overcome multidimensional resistance.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Reprogramming natural killer cells in the tumor microenvironment: Challenges and therapeutic opportunities.Cytokine & growth factor reviews · 2025Review
- VHH-based CAR-T cells targeting Claudin 18.2 show high efficacy in pancreatic cancer models.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Isolator-based point-of-care manufacturing: a practical solution for GMP-compliant cell and extracellular vesicles therapy production.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2025Review
- Chimeric antigen receptor natural killer cell therapy for solid tumors: mechanisms, clinical progress, and strategies to overcome the tumor microenvironment.Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) · 2025Review
- CAR-γδ T cells: a new paradigm of programmable innate immune sentinels and their systemic applications in cancer and beyond.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered cell therapy represents a landmark advancement in cancer immunotherapy. While αβ CAR-T therapy has demonstrated remarkable success in hematological malignancies, its efficacy in solid tumors remains constrained mainly by factors such as antigen heterogeneity, immunosuppressive microenvironments, and on-target/off-tumor toxicity. To overcome these limitations, emerging CAR platforms that utilize alternative immune effectors, including natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages, and γδ T lymphocytes, are rapidly gaining traction. This review systematically analyzes the mechanistic advantages of CAR-NK, CAR-M, and CAR-γδ T cell therapies, while critically evaluating persistent challenges in clinical translation, including limited cell persistence, manufacturing scalability, and dynamic immune evasion mechanisms. We further discuss innovative strategies to enhance therapeutic efficacy through some viable strategies. By bridging fundamental immunology with translational engineering, this work provides a roadmap for developing CAR therapies capable of addressing the complexities of solid tumor eradication.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.