Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40573138›Full record

ArticleNutrients2025

Gender Differences in Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Its Association with Obesity Among Korean Adults.

Seung Jae Lee, Kyung Won Lee

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nutrients, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
7citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

7 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors.

Seung Jae LeeDepartment of Food Science and Nutrition, Yongin University, Yongin 17092, Republic of Korea.ORCID 0000-0003-0941-3664
Kyung Won LeeDepartment of Home Economics Education, Korea National University of Education, Cheongju 28173, Republic of Korea.ORCID 0000-0003-4430-3241

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND/

objectivesThis study aimed to examine the association between ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and obesity in Korean adults.

methodsData from the 2019 to 2021 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. Dietary intake and UPF consumption were assessed using the NOVA food classification based on 24 h recall data from 9662 participants (aged 19-64 years). The participants were divided into three groups based on the tertile of UPF intake. Obesity was defined as a body mass index of ≥25 kg/m

resultsOf the participants, 50.2% were men and 49.8% were women. Men consumed more UPFs daily (401.3 g) than women (260.1 g;

conclusionsThis study suggests that a high intake of UPFs is associated with increased odds of obesity in men. Further research is needed to elucidate the specific negative health effects of UPFs in different populations, and targeted efforts should promote healthy diets for both men and women.

Indexed as

DietFast FoodsObesityAdultBody Mass IndexCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleFood, ProcessedHumansMaleMiddle AgedNutrition SurveysRepublic of KoreaSex FactorsYoung Adultdietary intakegender differencesKorean adultsobesityultra-processed food

Identifiers

PMID40573138
PMCPMC12196032

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.